My Native Town

My local town is Mandalay it’s additionally notable as a culture city of Myanmar. Mandalay is Upper Myanmar's principle business, instructive, wellbeing focus and thought about the focal point of Burmese culture. Mandalay is Located in the focal dry zone of Myanmar and on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River. Its likewise encompassed by Sagaing Hill, Shan Yoma Hill, Kyut Sae Hill and Mandalay Hill. My local town is the second-biggest city and the last regal capital of Myanmar. Ruler Mindon established Mandalay and the illustrious royal residence, Mya Nan San Kyaw as another capital at the foot of Mandalay Hill in 1857. At the point when it was established in 1857, the imperial city was authoritatively named Yadanabon which implies â€Å"The City of Gems†. Lord Mindon additionally established the Kuthodaw Pagoda, the Thudhamma Zayats and the library for the Buddhist sacred writings. I'm generally pleased the wonder of Mya Nan San Kyaw Palace and Mandalay Kyone. That is a trademark of my local town. Mandalay is celebrated with the spots, for example, Maha Muni Pagoda, Kyauktawgyi Pagoda, Kuthodaw Pagoda, Shwenandaw Monastery and Atumashi Monastery. Mandalay is Myanmar's social and strict focus of Buddhism, having various religious communities and in excess of 700 pagodas. That show my local town is passionate in Buddhist strict. Additionally, Mandalay is notable on the planet by The World's Biggest Book, situated in Kuthodaw Pagoda and U Paing Bridge. A large portion of the celebrated creators and specialists in Myanmar were risen up out of Mandalay and they served our conventional culture not to vanish and made new social custom to our ages. In this way, regardless of how much the globalization wave is affected in Mandalay, Mandalay consistently has a feeling of our Myanmar individuals' way of life and overpowered the strict convictions.

The European Balance :: Euros Money Finances Essays

The European Balance New Year’s Day 2002 had me in Dijon, France, where I initially had ownership of euros, the new regular money for 12 European countries. It was bright out, and the robotized teller machine was on the edge of a town square, where an old house of prayer stood tall, peering over hundreds of years of engineering assortment. It was very common †exceptionally European, that is †in light of the fact that I felt myself near the precarious edge of curiosity in the midst of a murkiness of ancient history. It resembled a classy, young lady, wearing Yves St. Laurent and influencing past the Pantheon in Paris; it was a smooth Italian driving his Smart Car before La Scala. Europe has a propensity for astounding turns of events and we feel constrained to respect each swing of the Continental pendulum. At the inn the attendant sat behind a wooden counter and systematically spread out the new coins for us to see. â€Å"500 years,† he said in a thick, French inflection weighed down with irritation. â€Å"[For] 500 years,† he rehashed for accentuation and to complete his idea, â€Å" we have had the franc.† â€Å"To change to the euro †it is a tremendous difficulty,† he let us know. He shook his head while further communicating his disappointment through the impossible to miss amalgam of a snort and a moan, one that must be heard in France. Maybe most incredibly, he figured out how to make this clamor with a French inflection. A few days after the fact I showed up at Madrid’s Chamartin train station and I got into a taxi. Following a couple of moments of quiet, the driver †an elderly person with his silver hair pulled over into a braid †asked me, â€Å"Pesetas [or] euros?† The entire inspiration driving pulling back euros in Dijon was to have money quickly upon appearance in Spain; so here I was preparing myself to pay for a Spanish taxi ride with cash I could have simply utilized in eastern France, where I pulled back it. â€Å"Euros,† I answered to his inquiry. â€Å"Euros,† he ridiculed with a rude, stooping tone. He punctuated his disturb with a slight laugh †it was his method of disclosing to me he didn't perceive what the serious deal was about this new money. Undoubtedly, the peseta was totally fine and the euro was a youthful pointless activity.

Deception Point Page 58 Free Essays

â€Å"I have an emergency!† The administrator was short of breath. â€Å"†¦ call for the President.† Tench looked wary. We will compose a custom exposition test on Double dealing Point Page 58 or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now â€Å"Not now, you don’t!† â€Å"It’s from Rachel Sexton. She says it’s urgent.† The glare that obscured Tench’s face seemed, by all accounts, to be more one of puzzlement than outrage. Tench peered toward the cordless telephone. â€Å"That’s a house line. That’s not secure.† â€Å"No, ma’am. Be that as it may, the approaching call is open in any case. She’s on a radiophone. She needs to address the President right away.† â€Å"Live in ninety seconds!† Tench’s virus eyes gazed, and she held out an insect like hand. â€Å"Give me the phone.† The operator’s heart was beating now. â€Å"Ms. Sexton needs to address President Herney legitimately. She advised me to delay the question and answer session until she’d conversed with him. I guaranteed â€Å" Tench ventured toward the administrator now, her voice a fuming murmur. â€Å"Let me reveal to you how this functions. You don't take orders from the little girl of the President’s adversary, you take them from me. I can guarantee you, this is as close as you are getting to the President until I discover what the heck is going on.† The administrator looked toward the President, who was presently encircled by amplifier experts, beauticians, and a few staff individuals talking him through definite corrections of his discourse. â€Å"Sixty seconds!† the TV chief shouted. Installed the Charlotte, Rachel Sexton was pacing fiercely in the restricted space when she at last heard a tick on the phone line. A rough voice went ahead. â€Å"Hello?† â€Å"President Herney?† Rachel shouted. â€Å"Marjorie Tench,† the voice adjusted. â€Å"I am the President’s senior guide. Whoever this is, I should caution you that trick calls against the White House are disregarding â€Å" For Christ’s purpose! â€Å"This isn't a trick! This is Rachel Sexton. I’m your NRO contact and-â€Å" â€Å"I am mindful of who Rachel Sexton is, ma’am. What's more, I am dicey that you are she. You’ve called the White House on an unbound line advising me to interfere with a significant presidential communicate. That is not really appropriate MO for somebody with-â€Å" â€Å"Listen,† Rachel smoldered, â€Å"I informed your entire staff a few hours back on a shooting star. You sat in the first line. You watched my preparation on a TV sitting on the President’s work area! Any questions?† Tench fell quiet a second. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, what is the significance of this?† â€Å"The significance is that you need to stop the President! His shooting star information is all off-base! We’ve simply took in the shooting star was embedded from underneath the ice rack. I don’t know by whom, and I don’t know why! In any case, things are not what they appear up here! The President is going to underwrite some truly errant information, and I unequivocally prompt â€Å" â€Å"Wait one goddamned minute!† Tench brought down her voice. â€Å"Do you understand what you are saying?† â€Å"Yes! I presume the NASA director has coordinated an enormous scope misrepresentation, and President Herney is going to get trapped in the center. You’ve at any rate got the chance to defer ten minutes so I can disclose to him what’s been going on up here. Somebody attempted to execute me, for God’s sake!† Tench’s voice went to ice. â€Å"Ms. Sexton, let me give you an expression of caution. In the event that you are reconsidering about your job in helping the White House in this battle, you ought to have thought of that well before you by and by embraced that shooting star information for the President.† â€Å"What!† Is she in any event, tuning in? â€Å"I’m revolted by your presentation. Utilizing an unbound line is a modest trick. Suggesting the shooting star information has been faked? What sort of insight official uses a radiophone to call the White House and discussion about grouped data? Clearly you are trusting somebody blocks this message.† â€Å"Norah Mangor was slaughtered over this! Dr. Ming is likewise dead. You’ve got the opportunity to caution â€Å" â€Å"Stop in that spot! I don’t recognize what you’re playing at, yet I will remind you-and any other individual who happens to catch this call the White House has recorded testimonies from NASA’s top researchers, a few eminent non military personnel researchers, and yourself, Ms. Sexton, all underwriting the shooting star information as exact. Why you are out of nowhere changing your story, I can just envision. Whatever the explanation, view yourself as soothed of your White House post as of right now, and on the off chance that you attempt to pollute this disclosure with any progressively crazy charges of injustice, I guarantee you the White House and NASA will sue you for slander so quick you won’t get an opportunity to gather a bag before you go to jail.† Rachel opened her mouth to talk, however no words came. â€Å"Zach Herney has been liberal to you,† Tench snapped, â€Å"and honestly this likens to a modest Sexton exposure stunt. Drop it at this moment, or we’ll press charges. I swear it.† The line went dead. Rachel’s mouth was all the while hanging open when the chief thumped on the entryway. â€Å"Ms. Sexton?† the skipper stated, peering in. â€Å"We’re getting a swoon signal from Canadian National Radio. President Zach Herney has quite recently started his press conference.† 68 Remaining at the platform in the White House Briefing Room, Zach Herney felt the warmth of the media lights and realized the world was viewing. The focused on rush performed by the White House Press Office had made an infection of media buzz. The individuals who didn't find out about the location by means of TV, radio, or on-line news constantly caught wind of it from neighbors, colleagues, and family. By 8:00 P.M., anybody not living in a cavern was guessing about the subject of the President’s address. In bars and parlors over the globe, millions inclined toward their TVs in anxious miracle. It was during minutes like these-confronting the world-that Zach Herney genuinely felt the heaviness of his office. Any individual who said power was not addictive had never truly experienced it. As he started his location, be that as it may, Herney detected something was out of order. He was not a man inclined to arrange dread, thus the shiver of anxiety presently fixing in his center surprised him. It’s the extent of the crowd, he let himself know. But then he knew something different. Intuition. Something he had seen. It had been such an easily overlooked detail, and yet†¦ He advised himself to overlook it. It was nothing. But then it stuck. Tench. Minutes prior, as Herney was planning to make that big appearance, he had seen Marjorie Tench in the yellow passage, chatting on a cordless telephone. This was odd in itself, yet it was made all the more so by the White House administrator remaining next to her, her face white with dread. Herney couldn't hear Tench’s telephone discussion, yet he could see it was combative. Tench was contending with a fervency and outrage the President had only here and there observed even from Tench. He stopped a second and got her attention, curious. Tench offered him the go-ahead. Herney had never observed Tench offer anybody the go-ahead. It was the last picture in Herney’s mind as he was prompted onto the stage. On the blue carpet in the press territory inside the NASA habisphere on Ellesmere Island, Administrator Lawrence Ekstrom was situated at the focal point of the long conference table, flanked by top NASA authorities and researchers. On a huge screen confronting them the President’s opening articulation was being funneled in live. The rest of the NASA group was crouched around different screens, abounding with energy as their president propelled into his question and answer session. â€Å"Good evening,† Herney was stating, sounding uniquely hardened. â€Å"To my individual compatriots, and to our companions around the world†¦ â€Å" Ekstrom looked at the tremendous scorched mass of rock showed noticeably before him. His eyes moved to a backup screen, where he watched himself, flanked by his most somber work force, against a setting of a tremendous American banner and NASA logo. The emotional lighting made the setting resemble a neomodern painting-the twelve messengers at the last dinner. Zach Herney had transformed this into a political sideshow. Herney had no way out. Ekstrom still felt like a TV minister, bundling God for the general population. Instructions to refer to Deception Point Page 58, Essay models

Army Ants :: essays research papers

     A quote made by Lewis Thomas, "Ants are so much like people as to be a humiliation. They ranch parasite, raise aphids as domesticated animals, dispatch armed forces into war, utilize compound splashes to alert and befuddle foes, and trade data unendingly. They do everything except for watch television." I am going to concentrate this report with respect to the statement, "..launch armed forces into war..," which sets an analogy of ants and our militaries in the present society. Ants have numerous strategies, in a manner of speaking, that are like the manner in which our armed forces have when going to war.      Ants have various jobs in their general public. One of the principle jobs that military ants or fighter ants have is that they scrounge in masses for food. These masses of ants travel together and can survive and catch other social creepy crawlies and huge humanoids, they may periodically slaughter bigger creatures be that as it may, they don't eat them. As the requirement for nourishment for the hatchlings builds, food gathering assaults become increasingly serious.      The chasing assaults made by ants are done by "armies" of thousands of ants and set out from the bivouac in different ways. They structure two or three gatherings going out all the while in various ways for 100 yards or more. In the U.S. armed force we assault nations in various regions to debilitate the power we are assaulting. We convey a large number of troops in different ways furthermore, attempt to encompass the wellspring of the area being assaulted. For example, if there are a few areas that should have been assaulted to debilitate the adversary, as their weapon stockpiling or flying corps base, we send a few arrangements of troops to assault every individual area. This is fundamentally the same as the manner in which armed force ants set out on a chasing assault. They will convey a huge number of ants without a moment's delay in a few various bearings.      When ants go out on their assaults, a subgroup called Dorgline ants, walk along edges of the path just as ensuring the littler people in the focus. Dorglines are enormous troopers that widen the path where it follows a restricted edge of bark and twigs or smooth the way where it crosses a harsh plate what's more, they do this with their own body. They do this since balance for the huge ants is preferable along the edges over amidst thick mass of hastening ants.      When the military needs to attack or involve a region, they normally will set up plane carrying warships in the encompassing seas and set up aviation based armed forces in neighboring nations. They do this to ensure within powers of troops and Armed force Ants :: papers look into papers      A quote made by Lewis Thomas, "Ants are so much like people as to be a shame. They ranch growth, raise aphids as animals, dispatch armed forces into war, utilize compound splashes to caution and befuddle adversaries, and trade data perpetually. They do everything except for watch television." I am going to concentrate this report with respect to the statement, "..launch armed forces into war..," which sets an illustration of ants and our armed forces in the present society. Ants have numerous strategies, in a manner of speaking, that are like the manner in which our armed forces have when going to war.      Ants have various jobs in their general public. One of the fundamental jobs that military ants or fighter ants have is that they search in masses for food. These masses of ants travel together and can survive and catch other social creepy crawlies and enormous humanoids, they may every so often murder bigger creatures be that as it may, they don't eat them. As the requirement for nourishment for the hatchlings expands, food gathering strikes become progressively extreme.      The chasing strikes made by ants are completed by "armies" of thousands of ants and set out from the bivouac in different ways. They structure two or three gatherings going out at the same time in various ways for 100 yards or more. In the U.S. armed force we assault nations in various territories to debilitate the power we are assaulting. We convey a huge number of troops in different ways what's more, attempt to encompass the wellspring of the area being assaulted. For example, if there are a few areas that should have been assaulted to debilitate the adversary, as their weapon stockpiling or flying corps base, we send a few arrangements of troops to assault every individual area. This is fundamentally the same as the manner in which armed force ants set out on a chasing strike. They will convey a huge number of ants without a moment's delay in a few various headings.      When ants go out on their strikes, a subgroup called Dorgline ants, walk along edges of the path just as securing the littler people in the focus. Dorglines are enormous fighters that widen the path where it follows a slender edge of bark and twigs or smooth the way where it crosses a harsh plate what's more, they do this with their own body. They do this since balance for the enormous ants is preferred along the edges over amidst thick mass of hastening ants.      When the military needs to attack or possess a region, they normally will set up plane carrying warships in the encompassing seas and set up aviation based armed forces in neighboring nations. They do this to secure within powers of troops and

China Economic Growth Essays - Chinese Communists, Marxist Theorists

China Economic Growth Two years after the passing of Mao Zedong in 1976, it got evident to a large number of China's pioneers that monetary change was essential. During his residency as China's head, Mao had energized social developments, for example, the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, which had as their bases belief systems, for example, serving the individuals and keeping up the class battle. By 1978 Chinese pioneers were looking for an answer for genuine financial issues created by Hua Guofeng, the man who had succeeded Mao Zedong as CCP pioneer after Mao's demise (Avoid 35). Hua wanted to proceed the ideologically based developments of Mao. Tragically, these developments had left China in a state where farming was stale, mechanical creation was low, and the individuals' expectations for everyday comforts had not expanded in twenty years (Nathan 200). This last zone was especially disturbing. While the gross yield estimation of industry what's more, agribusiness expanded by 810 percent and national salary developed by 420 percent [between 1952 and 1980] ... normal individual pay expanded by just 100 percent (Ma Hong cited in Shirk 28). In any case, endeavors at financial change in China were acquainted not just due with a liberality with respect to the Chinese Communist Party to build the people's expectations for everyday comforts. It had become obvious to individuals from the CCP that monetary change would satisfy a political reason also since the gathering felt, appropriately doubtlessly, it had endured lost help. As Susan L. Evade portrays the circumstance in The Political Logic of Economic Reform in China, reestablishing the CCP's eminence required improving monetary execution and increasing living expectations. The horrible experience of the Cultural Revolution had dissolved mainstream trust in the good and political righteousness of the CCP. The gathering's chiefs chose to move the base of gathering authenticity from ideals to ability, and to do that they needed to show that they could convey the merchandise. (23) This development from uprightness to capability appeared to check a genuine takeoff from customary Chinese political hypothesis. Confucius himself had set in the fifth century BCE that those people who best showed what he alluded to as good power should lead the country. Utilizing this standard as a guide, China had for quite a long time endeavored to pick at any rate its bureaucratic pioneers by managing a test to decide their ethical power. After the Communist takeover of the nation, Mao proceeded with this accentuation on moral power by requesting that Chinese residents exhibit what he alluded to as right awareness. This right awareness could be displayed, Mao accepted, by the manner in which individuals lived. Obviously, that which established right cognizance was regularly decided and surveyed by Mao. By the by, the perfect of good power was still a powerful one in China much after the Communist takeover. It is important that Evade feels that the Chinese Communist Party pioneers considered financial to be as a approach to recapture their and their gathering's ethical ethicalness much after Mao's passing. Accordingly, incomprehensibly, by exhibiting their ability in an increasingly reasonable zone of skill, the pioneers of the CCP felt they could show how they were serving the individuals. Undoubtedly, the advance toward monetary change happened as a consequence of a changed local and global condition, which modified the initiative's impression of the variables that influence China's national security furthermore, social soundness (Xu 247). Be that as it may, Shirk feels that, in those pre-Tienenmen days, such a move came about likewise because of an endeavor by CCP pioneers to illustrate, in an increasingly down to earth and in this way less clearly ideological way than Mao had done, their ethical power. It is not necessarily the case that the possibility of financial change was grasped energetically by all individuals from the administration of the Chinese Communist Party in 1978. As it were, the issue of financial change became politicized as the issue was utilized as a methods by Deng Xiaoping to achieve the administration of the Chinese Communist Party. Mao's replacement, Hua Guofeng, had attempted to substantiate himself a commendable replacement to Mao by hanging himself in the mantle of Maoist custom. His way to deal with financial improvement was universal Maoism with a forward-thinking, global bend (Shirk 35). This methodology was attached vigorously to the improvement of China's oil saves. When in 1978 appraisals of the oil holds were updated descending responsibilities to import plants furthermore, grow substantial industry couldn't be supported (Shirk 35). Deng took bit of leeway of this monetary emergency to ruin Hua and focus on initiative of the party. Change approaches turned into Deng's

Pontiacs Rebellion APUSH Topics to Study for Test Day

Pontiac’s Rebellion was a Native American uprising against the British following the French and Indian War. Pontiac’s Rebellion APUSH questions will likely center on the impact of the uprising rather than the details of the conflict itself. What is Pontiac’s Rebellion? From 1754-1763, the British and French engaged in the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years’ War) in which they competed for control of North American territory, primarily in the Ohio Valley. Ultimately, the British won this war and with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France ceded most of its North American territory to the British. This change of power did not sit well with many Native American tribes, who had enjoyed relatively peaceful relations with the French. Whereas the French made efforts to coexist peacefully, respect tribal culture, and allow Native Americans to trade freely, the British were much more restrictive. Resentment built quickly. In May 1763, an Ottawa chief named Pontiac led around 300 Native Americans in a siege on Fort Detroit. This initial attack was unsuccessful, but Pontiac subsequently brought together many more warriors from multiple tribes to launch a more large-scale assault on the British in the region. A coalition that included Ottawa, Ojibwas, Potawatomis, Huron, Miami, Weas, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Piankashaw, Delaware, Shawnee, Wyandot, Seneca, and Seneca-Cayuga fought the British for the next three years. Pontiac negotiated peace with the British in July 1766. Important years to note for Pontiac’s Rebellion: 1754-1763: French and Indian War 1763-1766: Pontiac’s Rebellion Why is Pontiac’s Rebellion so important? The Native Americans were ultimately unsuccessful in expelling the British from the region. Pontiac’s Rebellion did have important long-term effects, however. For one, it showed the ability of diverse tribes to come together and form an effective coalition to resist British forces. This put them in a stronger position for negotiations and made the British take them more seriously. Second, Pontiac’s Rebellion caused the British to seek more peaceful relations with Native Americans and to slow their own expansion into the Ohio Valley region. Partially a response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which drew a line along the eastern border of the Ohio Valley and forbade colonists from moving westward beyond the line. Preventing permanent settlement of the region was designed to avoid future conflicts with Native Americans. It backfired, however, as it increased the resentment that the colonists had towards the British and became a contributing factor in the buildup to the Revolutionary War. What are some historical people and events related to Pontiac’s Rebellion? French and Indian War: 1754-1763 conflict between the French and the British over territory in the Ohio Valley Treaty of Paris: Peace settlement that ended the French and Indian War Chief Pontiac: Ottawa leader of Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation of 1763: British law forbidding colonists from settling in the Ohio Valley What example question about Pontiac’s Rebellion might come up on the APUSH exam? Map by Kevin Myers The conflict shown in the map above most directly resulted in A) the expulsion of the French from most of North America. B) the removal of British troops from the Ohio Valley. C) the forcing of Native Americans onto reservations. D) the slowing of Britain’s westward expansion in North America. Answer: The correct answer is (D). Pontiac’s Rebellion, which came closely on the heels of the French and Indian War, made the British seek more peaceful relations with Native Americans in the Ohio Valley. They issued the Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited colonists from settling in the region, as a way to avoid further conflict.

How to Write Introduction Samples in Essay

How to Write Introduction Samples in EssayIntroduction samples in essay are great writing methods that help students analyze the thesis of the essay. They provide them a perfect way to create their own style and to build a reputation as an excellent writer. So, this guide will try to help you on how to write introduction samples in essay.First, you should choose the topic of your essay. This is where you start analyzing the problem of the essay. If your topic has something to do with a particular subject or country, then you can either present your personal thoughts or provide ideas based on your knowledge. If you don't have much knowledge about the subject, you can simply state what you know about it and what you intend to say about it.After choosing the topic, you will then need to create the actual sample by drawing up a plan of the essay. You can either choose to write it entirely on your own or you can choose to hire a writing service. Usually, students who are very keen on thei r studies can turn out their best essays, but those who are not used to writing their essays and just want to put down their idea can also have a professional writing service perform the assignment for them.You will need to divide the main information about the topic into separate paragraphs. This will help to reduce the work load for you and ensure that you provide clear and concise sentences. The importance of your introduction is important to ensure that you concentrate on it well.In your introduction, you should mention the author of the paper and its author's name. Sometimes, students use the names of the people in their essay when they write their ideas in the introduction, but this practice is highly discouraged because it creates ambiguity between the thesis and the sample. So, you should avoid using names in your essay samples, instead, you should state who the author is and his/her name. There are several other ways of writing your introduction sample, but you must always remember that it is the section where you create the sense of urgency about the essay.As for the structure of your essay samples, you will need to write a main body and then the introduction in the first paragraph. You will then need to list the paragraphs in the order of their importance. This may take some time, but it will help you analyze and understand the outline of the entire essay.When writing your sample, it is important that you make sure that you include the relevant keywords of the essay. It is imperative that you include keywords in your essay samples because you need to use them when you are writing your essay. Also, when writing the introduction, you will have to incorporate all the key words, as it will be the focus of your essay. So, make sure that you list the keywords properly in your sample.

The Change Of A Formal Business Agreement Between Two...

Over the past century, there have been many changes in the way society views marriage. What was once a formal business agreement between two families, is now a symbol of romantic involvement or social achievement. While these changes have been beneficial for the most part, some very important aspects of marriage have been lost in the process; leaving society with a fragile version of the strong union marriage should be. As a result, divorce has become a common and generally accepted ending to matrimony, but the negative effects divorce can bring on people and their children remains a point of concern. Judith Wallerstein followed the same children for 25 years, documenting their life after the divorce of their parents, and while she†¦show more content†¦in Cherlin 856). This type of marriage is centered on romanticism and affection, and while this sort of intimacy an important part of marital life, it may not be enough to insure relationship success. A study conducted b y W. Bradford Wilcox and Jeffery Dew tested this theory by studying the relationship stability and satisfaction of married couples to see whether marriages based on the soulmate principle were as successful as couples founded on the institutional views of marriage. Their results showed that the most successful couples were those who had characteristics of both categories (Wilcox and Dew 697). This marriage structure is often referred to as a â€Å"companionate† marriage. Companionate marriages are founded on love but sustained by fundamental beliefs on what marriage is as an institution. One aspect of this format is relationship effort. Professors at Brigham Young University examined the effect effort has on marriages and other union types. They found that effort has a positive correlation with relationship stability in all union types (Shafer, Jensen, and Larson 17). While this seems like a basic idea, many people, particularly in the soulmate category, have neglected this idea and settle for a relationship based on â€Å"conditional love† (Wilcox and Dew 690). This type of love only last as long as each party is satisfied with the relationship and typically lacks a sense of commitment and

Jaguar Facts (Panthera onca)

The jaguar (Panthera onca) is the largest big cat in the Americas and the third largest in the world, after the lion and tiger. spost Fast Facts: Jaguar Scientific Name: Panthera oncaCommon Names: JaguarBasic Animal Group: Mammal Size: 5-6 feet plus 27-36 inch tailWeight: 100-250 poundsLifespan: 12-15 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Central and South AmericaPopulation: 64,000Conservation Status: Near Threatened Description Both jaguars and leopards have spotted coats, but the jaguar has fewer and larger rosettes (spots), often containing small dots. Jaguars are shorter and stockier than leopards. Most jaguars have golden to reddish-brown spotted coats with white bellies. However, melanistic jaguars or black panthers occur about 6% of the time in South American cats. Albino jaguars or white panthers also occur, but they are rare. Black jaguars occur naturally in wild populations. Alicia Barbas Garcia / EyeEm / Getty Images Male and female jaguars have a similar appearance, but females tend to be 10-20 percent smaller than males. Otherwise, the size of the cats varies greatly, ranging from 3.7-6.1 feet from the nose to the base of the tail. The cats tail is the shortest of the big cats, ranging from 18-36 inches in length. Mature adults may weigh anywhere from 79-348 pounds. Jaguars in the southern end of their range are larger than those found further north. Habitat and Distribution The jaguars range once ran from the Grand Canyon or possibly Colorado in the United States down through Argentina. However, the cat was heavily hunted for its beautiful fur. While its possible a few of the cats remain in Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico, sizable populations only exist from Mexico through Central America and into South America. The cat is protected and believed to have a high chance of survival in the Kaan Biosphere Reserve in Mexico, the Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary in Belize, the Manu National Park in Peru, and the Xingu National Park in Brazil. Jaguars are disappearing from most of the remainder of their range. While jaguars prefer forested areas near water, they also live in shrubland, wetlands, grasslands, and savanna biomes. Diet and Behavior While jaguars resemble leopards, their ecological niche is most similar to that of the tiger. Jaguars stalk and ambush prey, often falling upon the target from a tree. They are strong swimmers and readily pursue prey in water. Jaguars are crepuscular, usually hunting before dawn and after dusk. Prey includes capybara, deer, pigs, frogs, fish, and snakes, including anacondas. The cats jaws have a powerful bite force that enables them to crack open turtle shells and defeat all but the largest caimans. After making a kill, a jaguar will haul its dinner up a tree to eat. Although they are obligate carnivores, jaguars have been observed eating Banisteriopsis caapi  (ayahuasca), a plant containing the psychelic compound N,N-Dimethyltryptamine  (DMT). Reproduction and Offspring Jaguars are solitary cats except for mating. They mate throughout the year, usually whenever food is abundant. Pairs separate immediately after mating. Gestation lasts 93-105 days, resulting in up to four, but usually two, spotted cubs. Only the mother cares for the cubs. Cubs open their eyes at two weeks and are weaned by three months of age. They stay with their mother for a year or two before leaving to find their own territory. Males typically have larger territories than females. Male territories do not overlap. Multiple females may occupy a territory, but the cats tend to avoid each other. Females reach sexual maturity around two years of age, while males mature later at age three or four. Wild jaguars live 12-15 years, but captive cats may live 23 years. Jaguar cubs are spotted. Picture by Tambako the Jaguar / Getty Images Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the jaguars conservation status as near threatened. As of 2017, the total cat population was estimated to be around 64,000 individuals and was decreasing rapidly. Jaguars, especially males, range across vast territories, so the animals are heavily influenced by habitat loss and fragmentation from development, transportation, agriculture, pollution, and logging. As apex predators, they are at risk from diminishing availability of natural prey. Jaguars are not protected across much of their range, particularly in countries where they threaten livestock. They may be hunted as pests, as trophies, or for their fur. While the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 1973 greatly reduced pelt trade, illegal trade remains a problem. Jaguars and Humans Unlike leopards, lions, and tigers, jaguars rarely attack humans. However, the combination of human encroachment and decreased prey has led to increasing conflict. While the risk of an attack is real, jaguars and pumas (Puma concolor) are much less likely to attack people than other big cats. Perhaps a handful of human attacks by jaguars have been documented in recent history. In contrast, over a thousand people have been attacked by lions in the past 20 years. While the direct risk to humans is small, jaguars readily target pets and livestock. Sources Dinets, V. and P. J. Polechla. First documentation of melanism in the jaguar (Panthera onca) from northern Mexico. Cat News. 42: 18, 2005.Mccain, Emil B.; Childs, Jack L. Evidence of resident Jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Southwestern United States and the Implications for Conservation. Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (1): 1–10, 2008. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-F-268.1  Mossaz, A.; Buckley, R.C.; Castley. Ecotourism Contributions to Conservation of African Big Cats. Journal for Nature Conservation. 28: 112–118, 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2015.09.009Quigley, H.; Foster, R.; Petracca, L.; Payan, E.; Salom, R.; Harmsen, B. Panthera onca. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: e.T15953A123791436, 2017. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T15953A50658693.enWozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 546–547, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Distarctions of Cell Phone Use While Operating Motor Vehicles

Shannon Hudak Distractions of Cell Phone Use While Operating a Motor Vehicle Using cell phones while driving are not only dangerous but deadly. We have many distractions while driving, let alone the use of cell phones as well. In this day and age cell phones are used for a variety of things such as text-messaging, internet usage, watching television, e-mailing, faxes, games, and much more. Driving is a privilege, not a right. Many Americans take the technology we have today for granted. Once issued a drivers license it can be revoked for not obeying the laws and this is not the case with cell phone usage while operating motor vehicles. The thing we need to remember is that we all need to be responsible drivers to ensure not only our†¦show more content†¦We need to take a stand on this because so many lives are at stake when driving. Could you imagine getting a phone call that your child, mother, father, sister, brother, aunt, uncle, grandparent, niece, nephew, cousin, or any other family member, or friend had been hit by a driver while they were text ing? Most of us would say â€Å"Oh that will never happen to me† but, when it does, it makes you sit back and think. Anything can happen at any given moment in this life. What would you do if it was you driving and hit your own family member, or friend? It would be devastating. Most of us don’t think of situations that could occur and turn into a tragedy such as this. I have to give a lot of credit to The University of Utah and there research studies in effort to stop this widespread issue of cell phone use while operating a motor vehicle. The University of Utah has conducted many studies to raise the awareness on this epidemic. They have also developed a method to keep drivers from being distracted by cell phones. This method is called Key2SafeDriving. It installs without any tools in seconds. It is something you would have to put money into, but it is well worth it to keep your child or any other relative safe, as well as the other people on the road. It is $99.95 for each device including software for one cell phone. For each additional cell phone there is a $29.95 fee for software. They do offer a thirty-day money back guarantee. This device will alert

New Technology Ventures Assignment 1 - 1302 Words

New Technology Ventures – Assignment 1 Angela Ririe Piclo, the eBay for renewable energy â€Å"Distributed renewables and smart grid technologies are the future. We’re challenging the energy industry and reinventing how things are done. We’ve built Piclo - an online Peer-to-Peer Energy Marketplace that lets people buy and sell energy directly.† (Openutility.com, 2016) The Idea Piclo, the UK’s first online marketplace for renewable energy has been developed by Open Utility (a London based innovative energy start-up) in collaboration with Good Energy a 100% renewable electricity supplier. At present 7% of the UK’s electricity is produced from renewable sources and this percentage is expected to grow to 30% by 2020 as a result of EU targets.†¦show more content†¦Piclo’s granular analytics can help companies shift demand away from peak times and simplify sustainability reporting †¢ For energy generators: At present the only way companies that generate their own power can monetise excess capacity is to sell it back to the grid on a Feed-in Tariff (FiT) basis. Piclo will provide these companies with a dynamic online market where they are able to control exactly who they sell power to and at what price. The platform should enable smaller generators to get better prices for power than they would currently be able to achieve through FiT. Piclo’s analytics tools will provide generators with information on the current energy market and demand levels at different price points. Producers will also be able to market the story behind their project and have the ability to offer different prices to different buyers – for example offering lower pricing to local businesses. †¢ To keep the system in balance the company have developed â€Å"energy matching technology† that matches demand and supply every 30 minutes with Good Energy providing additional 100% renewable power or buying surplus power if required. Good Energy also provides Piclo with assistance with billing and meeting regulatory requirements. Figure 1: How Piclo works Source:

Market Overview Of The Debt Of Singapore †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Market Overview Of The Debt Of Singapore? Answer: Introduction This report has been prepared in order to get a clear idea of the operations of the debt market in Singapore in the present time period. Among the global economic decline, it has been observed that there has been a drop in the debt issuance globally by 13% in the year 2015. This fall has been higher in the Asian countries where the percentage has been around 43% for local currency issuance and the G3 issuance fell by 13% (Room 2017). Yet the Asian bonds have seen a growth as an asset class, which has been a significant result. Even though the long-term financial problem of Asia has not changed as there have been the existent of positive economic prospects emerging middle class and urbanisation, but sloth growth of the economy will not only diminish the entry of new debt firms to increase growth but would even have an impact on the ability of the companies to refinance their current existent debt (Agarwal and Qian 2014). The debt market of Singapore has even faced the problems that have been discussed as various issues have been raised with respect to the oil and gas sector with respect to their financial difficulties. This paper will therefore analyse the debt market of Singapore so that a clear idea about the debt market can be understood. Analysis of the Debt Market Corporate Debt Market In the year 2015, the new corporate debt issuance became sluggish to SGD 174 billion as the economic viewpoint for the developing economies diluted and the course for the monetary policies in the developed economies became more uncertain. By not bearing the lower new issuance amount, the total outstanding debt has a rise by 2% every year to reach SGD 315 billion due to a certain amount of maturing issues. The outstanding SGD debt had reached SGD 140 billion while the non-SGD debt was valued at SGD 175 billion (Room 2017). The financial companies that have been rated well sustained to play a significant role in the expansion and the development of the debt capital market of Singapore. For example, the Korea Development Bank had collected more than SGD 450 billion during the year in Dollars and in SGD and three local banks of Singapore issued SGD 12 billion altogether. The debt market looks to have improved in the year 2016. During the first six months the corporate debt issuance amount had a rise by 12% with respect to the similar period in 2015. There have been various new development opportunities like the covered bonds and green bonds that can add up to higher diversity to the offering of the product in the market of Singapore (Kalotychou, Remolona and Wu 2014). Issuers and Issuances Being an international hub for fixed income, the foreign and the local issuers can raise the non-SGD and the SGD investment in Singapore. The non-SGD corporate debt of issuance has been found to be 85% of the overall debt issuance in the year 2015, which has underscored strong international features of the corporate debt market of Singapore. The market of SGD corporate debt sustained to attract a diversified range of financial issuers in the year 2015. The finance companies consist of 30% of the issuance amount, which was 19% in the previous year (Room 2017). The various other classes of issuers include government agencies, property corporate, non-corporate components etc. The local issuers have still remained the important players in the Singapore market. The Land Transport Authority has been found to be the largest non-financial company of issuer and has gathered overall SGD 2.5 billion in 2015. The debt market of Singapore has still been an attractive area for the issuances in the foreign currencies. The Non-SGD debt issuance has been around 85% of the overall debt issuance, which has been lower than the previous year. The availability of a firm worldwide base of investors that consists of the insurance and bank companies and fund managers have assisted the requirement for non-SGD denominated debt (Jiang, Phillips and Yu 2015). The re-issuances have continued to be the significant driver for the volume of issuance that contributes to over 90% of the overall volume in the year 2015. The earlier success of issuance has motivated many corporate firms to issue the same in the debt market of Singapore again. With reference to the sluggishness in the corporate debt market, the number of maiden and repeated issuers has decreased in the year 2015. On an aggregate point of view, the overall number of issues who were tapping the market in 2015 have been greater than the average over the last four years, which reveals that the sustainable significance of the corporate debt market in allocating the need of funding of the local organizations (Amiraslani et al. 2017). In order to make the issuance more colourful and attractive, the Asian issuers in order to increase the international capital in Singapore have disclosed that they would introduce Asian Bond Grant scheme in 2017. This scheme has the plan of expanding the base of the issuers in the bond market of Singapore, which would lead to addition of diversity and breadth of the debt instruments for the investment society (Farooq, Ahmed and Saleem 2015). There have been a larger extent of investors who hail from various investment profiles have been associated in the debt market and each one of them have contributed significantly that have led to the development of the corporate debt market of Singapore. Conclusion The analysis of the debt market of Singapore has revealed that the market has been developing significantly from the previous year and the international issuers have shown greater interest in investing in the debt market. Even thought the worldwide debt market has become sluggish during the present time period, the debt market of Singapore has been moving ahead with respect to the global market. The intermediaries and the infrastructure has a crucial role to play as an effective infrastructure would attract the investors in the Singapore market. It is anticipated that the Singapore market would improve the coming years as well. Reference List Agarwal, S. and Qian, W., 2014. Consumption and debt response to unanticipated income shocks: Evidence from a natural experiment in singapore.The American Economic Review,104(12), pp.4205-4230. Amiraslani, H., Lins, K.V., Servaes, H. and Tamayo, A., 2017. A Matter of Trust? The Bond Market Benefits of Corporate Social Capital during the Financial Crisis. Farooq, S., Ahmed, S. and Saleem, K., 2015. Overinvestment, Growth Opportunities and Firm Performance: Evidence from Singapore stock market.Corporate Ownership Control, p.454. Jiang, L., Phillips, P.C. and Yu, J., 2015. New methodology for constructing real estate price indices applied to the Singapore residential market.Journal of Banking Finance,61, pp.S121-S131. Kalotychou, E., Remolona, E.M. and Wu, E., 2014. What makes systemic risk systemic? contagion and spillovers in the international sovereign debt market. Room, R. 2017.Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). [online] Mas.gov.sg. Available at: https://www.mas.gov.sg [Accessed 12 Aug. 2017].

Integrated Marketing Communication Plan Clothing Company

Question: Discuss about theIntegrated Marketing Communication Plan for Clothing Company. Answer: Background of the Company and Products: The clothing industry has been experiencing robust growth in recent years. Due to the increased demand, most of the clothing organizations have been expanding their business into the large domestic areas (Yeshin 2012). Sometimes, the clothing organizations face challenges in understanding the trends of the current market. Hence, most of the business analysts have agreed with the fact that the clothing industry must follow the current market trends in order to identify the demand of the business (Franklin 2016). Being an integrated marketing communication manager, in this context, I will discuss the IMC plan for a clothing company that is planning to start their venture in Australia. The name of the company is Fashion Zone. This particular business is a partnership based trade. As the particular business is a start-up venture, the management of the business needs to analysis the existing market before entering into the venture. The prime focus of the company is to include the diverse range of clothes for every age. However, the owner of the business have discussed that they will start the business by focusing on youth customers, as they firmly believe that youth audience can facilitate in accumulating major profit. Products: Fashion Zone will include a wide range of clothing collection for both men and women. Moreover, there will be the high availability of the kids wear also. In the mens department, the products include jeans, trousers, traditional wear, formal wear, shirts, t-shirts, etc. On the other hand, the female products will involve the traditional and modern collection. Besides this, the Fashion Zone will also focus on the size, availability, colors and style of the products. The management of the organization identifies the fact that the enhanced product quality will facilitate them in attracting huge customers base in the business. Objectives: The prime objective of the company is to become one of the top three small clothing companies in Australia. Within the 2nd quarter, the company will try to increase its sales by 15%. Being an integrated marketing communication manager, I can assess that the company needs to apply unique strategies into the business for competing with the existing organizations in the market. According to the directors of the company, Fashion Zone will try to enhance its products awareness by 60% of the targeted audiences. Besides this, the company will try to achieve 40% sales profit in the business. Hence, the discussed objectives can be summarized as following: To enhance the sales of the trade by 15% within 2nd quarter To improve the product awareness by 60% of the targeted audiences To achieve 40% sales profit by the end of 1st year Target Audience Segment Analysis: Fashion Zone is a retail clothing company having a wide range of products for men, women, and kids. The management of the company has discussed that the prime focus of the business will be on the youth customers. The company needs to analyze the current market trends for understanding the demands of the youth. However, the company will also include a wide range of clothing for middle-aged women. For instance, there are a huge number of female baby boomers in Australia (Shimp and Andrews 2012). Besides targeting youth and middle-aged women, the company also focuses on targeting kids. The particular company will differentiate the products into various sections including party wear, festival wear, formal wear and casual wear. Being an integrated marketing communication manager, I would like to highlight the fact that the company will uphold a decent pricing system. According to the management of the organization, fashion zone would provide high discounts on the different product segment . Communication Objectives: Fashion Zone is a start-up venture. As a new business, the particular company has several communication objectives. These objectives include the development of brand awareness, advertisement of new products and services, influencing the buying intention, development of product image, etc (Blakeman 2014). In this context, the important communication objectives will be discussed. Advertisement of Products and Services: By discussing the new trends in business, it can be accessed that product promotion is one of the major factors for organizational success. As a new start-up business, the particular organization needs to promote their wide range of products to the large demographic market. Being an integrated marketing communication manager, I can assess that the company may not be able to improve the sales activity without implementing effective promotional strategies into the business. The prime focus of the company is to deliver the high quality products at an affordable price. For advertising the products, the company will utilize different media vehicles including social media, digital media, printing media, etc. Influence the Target Audience: The target audience of the company is youth. Hence, the company needs to promote the products the youth audiences for enhancing the sales revenues. The management of the organization has discussed that the company will deliver high quality products at low cost. Consequently, it will facilitate the company in engaging the youth audiences. By implementing enhanced marketing strategies into the business, the company will be able to identify their targeted customers. Develop Brand Awareness: Brand value is one of the major factors that facilitate any organization in enhancing the business opportunity in an effective manner (Percy 2014). At the initial stage, Fashion Zone would face huge challenges in executing business due to existing competitors. With The involvement of Brand awareness program, the company will be able to spread product information to the large demographic areas as well as international platform. The company would not be able to obtain the customers loyalty in an effective manner. Moreover, the brand awareness is responsible for retargeting the audience of the business. Creative Advertisement Style: Over the past few years, most of the organizations have been trying to implement creative advertisement style into the business (Castronovo and Huang 2012). In this context, the clothing organization named fashion zone would employ popular face from the fashion industry for promoting the particular brand into the large marketplace. The prime focus of the company is to target the youth audience. Consequently, the company can engage a youth model from the fashion industry to attract the youth audiences. The particular organization will provide all details about the product to the selected model. The prime communication objective of the company indicates the enhancement of sales by 15% in the second quarter. Therefore, it can be assessed that fashion zone is required to implement promotional strategies for obtaining a lucrative gain in the business. On the other hand, the organization aims to experience 40% sales profit by the end of the first financial year. A wide range of promotional activities would facilitate the Fashion Zone in achieving the goals and objectives of the company. Development of the Media Plan: In the recent years, most of the clothing companies have been enhancing their business opportunities by developing a media plan (Schultz, Patti and Kitchen 2013). For the development of the media plan, organizations can use a wide range of business tools including frequency card programs, search engine optimization, follow up method, video promotion, etc (Ivanov 2012). There are several promotional strategies available such as social media promotion, customer referral incentive program, digital media, printing media promotion. With the involvement of these promotional strategies, organizations could easily read the product knowledge the large marketplace (Reinold and Tropp 2012). In this context, the Fashion Zone would utilize the effective media vehicle for advertising the products to the audiences. Social Media Promotion: Nowadays, the social media is one of the integral parts of the business, as it facilitates the organization in spreading the product information within a short timeframe. Social media contributes the new organizations in enhancing their popularity in an effective manner (Yeboah and Atakora 2013). Most of the small and medium organizations have been utilizing the social media for promoting their individual business to the domestic as well as international market. In this context, the particular clothing company named Fashion Zone would focus on employing the different social media platforms for enhancing the brand awareness. Nowadays, Facebook and google+ are the most used social Medias for promotional activities. These platforms provide adequate opportunities to the organizations in advertising their products in a relaxed environment. Most of the business analysts have agreed with the fact that the social networking sites not only a cost-effective platform but also a potential busine ss tool that indeed facilitates in enhancing the business opportunities of the companies (Brunello 2013). Being an integrated marketing manager, I can advise the organization to employ the social media for promotional activities so that the company would be able to avoid extra promotional costs. Video Promotion: Over the past few years, video promotion has also been influencing the buying behavior of the customer (Shani and Chalasani 2013). Although the video promotion is not cost-effective like social media promotion, it has the huge potentiality to enhance the business opportunities in an efficient manner. Nowadays, the online video streaming is very popular, and most of the youth audience use this particular features for obtaining updates in an easy manner (Barker 2013). For instance, the YouTube video promotion is a trend of new businesses. In this context, the organization called Fashion Zone will target the youth audience. Hence, the particular organization could promote their products through video promotion, as it would facilitate them in targeting the youth audiences. It has been discussed previously that the prime aim of the company is to target the youth audience. Subsequently, the social media promotion and online video promotion would be the best-fit solutions for the organization to attract the youth audiences in an efficient manner. It has been seen that the youth audiences have the tendency to frequently connect with the social Medias like Facebook, Twitter, and Google+, etc. Hence, the engagement of these promotional vehicles would facilitate the organization called Fashion Zone in achieving the goals and objectives of the business. Figure: Media vehicle(s) for promotion (Source: Kotler et al. 2015) Measurement of the IMC Plan and its Effectiveness: In this context, the organization has some goals and objectives such as enhancing the sales volume by 40%. Besides this, the organization will also focus on enhancing the sales by 15% by the end of 2nd quarter. According to the management, the particular organization would not be able to achieve the objectives of the business without implementing unique promotional activities. For measuring the integrated market communication plan, Fashion Zone can prepare a survey form for obtaining responses to their promotional activities (Kim and Ko 2012). Being an integrated marketing communication manager, I would like to highlight the fact that the survey process would be the best-fit solution for identifying the outcome of the promotional activities. The target audience of Fashion Zone is Youth. Therefore, the promotional team must involve the youth audiences for conducting the survey process. By involving the youth customers, the organization would be able to identify the current market tren ds in an effective manner. Besides this, the survey process can also involve the middle-aged women, who will provide their individual feedback in the survey process. In this context, the social media and online video promotion have been discussed, as it would be the prime promotional vehicle for the company. Hence, the measurement of the social media promotion can be easily executed through the implementation of a monitoring process. Being an integrated marketing communication manager, I can assess that the monitoring system would facilitate the organization in identifying the progress of the implemented promotional strategies in the business. The objective of the business is to enhance the sales margin by 15% by the end of 2nd quarter. Hence, the outcome of the promotional activities can be identified by analyzing of the annual report of the business. Asides this, the organization could build a team for monitoring their social media and activities (Parente and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson 2014). By accumulating suggestions and feedbacks from the Social sites, the management would be able to understand the key development areas of the business. Moreove r, the suggestions would facilitate the management in understanding the current market trends in an efficient manner. Hence, it can be assessed that the organization called Fashion Zone can easily measure the IMC plan by following above discussed strategies. References Barker, R., 2013. Strategic integrated communication: An alternative perspective of integrated marketing communication?.Communicatio,39(1), pp.102-121. Blakeman, R., 2014.Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Brunello, A., 2013. The relationship between integrated marketing communication and brand equity.International Journal of Communication Research,3(1), p.9. Castronovo, C. and Huang, L., 2012. Social media in an alternative marketing communication model.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,6(1), p.117. Franklin, L., 2016. Integrated Marketing Communications. Ivanov, A.E., 2012. The Internets impact on integrated marketing communication.Procedia Economics and Finance,3, pp.536-542. Kim, A.J. and Ko, E., 2012. Do social media marketing activities enhance customer equity? An empirical study of luxury fashion brand.Journal of Business Research,65(10), pp.1480-1486. Kotler, P., Burton, S., Deans, K., Brown, L. and Armstrong, G., 2015.Marketing. Pearson Higher Education AU. Parente, D. and Strausbaugh-Hutchinson, K., 2014.Advertising campaign strategy: A guide to marketing communication plans. Cengage Learning. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Reinold, T. and Tropp, J., 2012. Integrated marketing communications: How can we measure its effectiveness?.Journal of Marketing Communications,18(2), pp.113-132. Schultz, D., Patti, C.H. and Kitchen, P.J., 2013.The evolution of integrated marketing communications: The customer-driven marketplace. Routledge. Shani, D. and Chalasani, S., 2013. Exploiting niches using relationship marketing.Journal of Services Marketing. Shimp, T.A. and Andrews, J.C., 2012.Advertising promotion and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Cengage Learning. Yeboah, A. and Atakora, A., 2013. Integrated Marketing Communication: How Can It Influence Customer Satisfaction?. Yeshin, T., 2012.Integrated marketing communications. Routledge.

Separation of Church and State in America free essay sample

This paper looks at the way in which democracy was embraced in America when people desired freedom over the abuse of power in the church and state in Europe. The following paper discusses the way in which the freethinking Founding Fathers of America gathered in mind and body in the late 1700s order to create a government for the free people of the United States. This paper focuses on their aspirations for a government that would neither be based upon, nor governed by, the tenets or dogma of any particular religion. The paper concludes that Christianity and Democracy, like church and state, must be separate and yet, forever embracing each other. From the paper: In the late 300s, A.D., Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire, and in order to make the church more universal or catholic, a number of tenets were then formally embraced or anathematized. For purposes of teaching, Church leaders used the writings of early theologians referred to as Church Fathers many of whom had opposing philosophical views. We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of Church and State in America or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

APA Format Essay Outline Sample

APA Format Essay Outline SampleAn APA format essay outline sample provides the basics to write an academic, persuasive essay. You should use these tips to help you start writing your own college essay in this format. Most of these guidelines can be found in the many articles that are already available on the Internet.First, you should be familiar with APA format. It is an informal writing style that was first developed in 1946 by Morris Hershfield. Hershfield wanted to develop a standard format for academic writing in order to make it easier for professors to teach. Today, it is used for undergraduate and graduate level essays.In an APA format essay outline sample, the introduction will introduce the topic, as well as briefly discuss the author and the theme of the essay. Some people find it useful to include a little bit of personal history in the introduction. This way, they can be prepared to discuss this material in the body of the essay.The body of the essay will follow the outl ine of the introduction. Most authors will include four main sections, including information about the author, main point, evidence supporting the main point, and conclusion.The author section is where you introduce yourself and the main point of the essay. You may wish to explain why you chose to write this particular essay. You can also share an interesting experience that occurred during the course of writing this essay.The themes that you can include in your essay should be related to the main point. For example, if you choose to write an essay about racism, you can begin the discussion by discussing how people view race in America. The theses and views you express in the body of the essay can be used to support your position on the topic. After you finish writing the outline, you will have an idea of what themes you can include.The examples and lessons are appropriate examples of various topics that you can use in your writing. The examples can vary from college courses to diff erent types of theses. It is also good to take advantage of the student writing project software that can give you instant, professional-looking examples.When you are done writing your outline sample, you will be able to see exactly what format you will be using. This will allow you to write the essay the way you want to.

The problem that is to be investigated is to see if the mass of a trolley going down a ramp affects the stopping distance Essays

The problem that is to be investigated is to see if the mass of a trolley going down a ramp affects the stopping distance Essays The problem that is to be investigated is to see if the mass of a trolley going down a ramp affects the stopping distance Essay The problem that is to be investigated is to see if the mass of a trolley going down a ramp affects the stopping distance Essay I know from my own knowledge that the stopping distance will increase if the mass of the mass of the trolley is increased and the braking force is kept constant. This is because the mass of the trolley will help the trolley speed up as it is rolling down the ramp. When the brakes are applied at the same force the trolley becomes harder to stop.Factors:- Braking force- Mass of trolley- Height of the ramp- FrictionBraking force the more the braking force is then the more it is the less the stopping distance will be. This is because the harder a car brakes the quicker it stops. This will be tested to find a final braking force and then will be kept constant during the final experiment.Mass of the trolley the heavier the trolley is the faster it will go downwards on the slope of the ramp. This is because the gravity will pull the car down and if the car weighs more then the gravity will have a larger effect on it pulling it down at a fast speed. The mass will be the test factor so therefore will not stay constant and will be changed.Height of the ramp the height of the ramp will effect the stopping distance because the higher the ramp is the more gravitational potential energy there will be. This gravitational potential energy will then be converted into kinetic energy, so this will speed the trolley up making it more difficult for the trolley to stop. Also the higher the ramp will be the steeper the slope will get and therefore the trolley will tend to go faster. This is because the steep slope will make the trolley pick up speed very fast and therefore make it harder to stop at the time when the brakes start.Friction if there is more friction on the surface of the runway and ramp, the trolley will not be able to pick up much speed and also be aided to stop by the friction. And if the surface has too little or no friction at all then the trolley will pick up too much speed and it would be very hard to stop it. Therefore the surface of t he ramp and the runway must not have too much nor too little friction, but still it should be more towards little than big. For this reason the same surfaced runway and ramp will be used.Apparatus:- Trolley- Ramp- Runway- 1m ruler- Stool- Masses- Pulleys- String- Marker penIf the apparatus were set up like this then it would be very easy to measure the distances. The trolley will be released from the top of the ramp. When it stops and starts to come back on the runway, the runway will be marked at where the trolley was stationary. The same mass of the trolley will be measured twice and then if the results are far apart then a third will be taken to determine an average. After the same mass of the trolley has been measured twice or three times then more masses will be added to the trolley and then the same will be repeated.As we need an average of the different results there will be no point in re-doing anything because we already have an accurate result.Safety there is one safety p recaution to be taken seriously. This is the mass; one must make sure that they do not fall on their hands, feet etc.Preliminary experimentDiagramMethodThe experiment was set up as shown in the diagram above. A braking force (mass hung from the end of the stool) was added. The trolley was then released and the stopping distance was recorded. The messes of the trolley were changed to see if the effect of the braking force good enough to stop the heavier trolley, but also not to strong that the lighter massed trolley would fly back without covering much distance.ResultsVarying mass (F)Mass of trolleyStopping distance1kg829g9cm700g829g12cm500g829g13cm300g829g17cm1kg829g + 3866g35cm700g829g + 3866g68cm500g829g + 3866g87cm300g829g + 3866g1mConclusionFrom this experiment we have gathered that the perfect braking force will have to be 500g. This is because the braking force of 1kg was blatantly too big because the trolley instantly flipped backwards. 700g was also too big for the trolley t o be stopped with a fair deal of distance. 300g was too small a force for the mass when extra mass was added. 500g was ideal as it worked for the smallest mass of the trolley and also the largest.Obtaining EvidenceThere were no additional changes made to the planned method. The same idea was used but I started of with the measuring of the length of the ramp and also the height and angle of it. The length of the ramp was approximately 80cm and the height was approximately 19cm. With this information the angle can also be measured, which was 13.7à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½.Number of weightsTotal mass of the trolley (g)First stopping distance (cm)Second stopping distance (cm)Third stopping distance (cm)Average stopping distance (cm)0830.0g10cm10.5cm-10.25cm11600g16cm21cm23cm20cm22280g24cm47cm48cm47.5cm33150g66cm63cm-64.5cm43932g86cm86cm-86cm54710g103.5cm104.5cm-104cm65477g107cm117cm123cm115.7cmThe results were taken in the way mentioned in the planning. This is by taking two results and then if they are far apart take a third. Then if it is hard to determine the anomalous result then take an average of all three. But if it is easy to determine the anomalous then dont add it in the average. For example with 4 weights there is no need to put all three in the average because 24cm is nowhere near 47cm and 48cm.Analysing Evidence and Drawing ConclusionsWe can tell from the results that the higher the mass of the trolley there will be the longer the stopping distance will be. This is because if something is moving and it is heavy then we know that it will take longer to stop than if the same object is moving and it is light. An example of this theory is that if a rhino is running at someone then it would collide with the person and injure him or her but if a cat is running at the same pace it would just collide with the person and just fall over most probably injuring itself. This is because of its mass.As I thought before I carried the experiment out the more the mass of the trolley there would be the harder it would be to stop and therefore the stopping distance will be greater. This was my prediction and that is exactly what happened in the results. I think my prediction was accurate because it is obvious that a heavier object is harder to stop than a lighter object.Evaluating EvidenceI think that most of my method for carrying out the experiment was a good way to do it because the results reflected what was expected by the scientific theories. I think that the way the trolley was released from the same place was good because everytime the trolley was released it was from the same place and therefore the results were made more accurate. I also thought that the position where the brakes were applied was also kept the same everytime by making sure the string, which was acting as the brakes, was always the same length. However I believe that if I were to do the experiment again I would try to use a different way to measure the stopping distances because our eyes are not too accurate to see the exact place where the trolley became stationary and started to go back. I know this because during the experiment I found that it was very hard to be accurate when marking the runway. I am sure that the results I gained however were easily reliable enough to make a conclusion from because they werent many anomalous results and the results showed why what was achieved.

Workplace Drug Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace Drug Abuse - Essay Example This can be avoided by making sure employees get their loads checked. Also, new systems exist, such as Global Positioning Systems, that track the drivers and see how long they stop at each location. Another way employees could act as enablers to employees is if there are drugs readily available, such as at a hospital. Employers of hospital staff could make certain drugs like Valium, Marijuana, and others easily accessible. Actually, this is a common problem today, and somewhere from 10-15% of doctors are projected to be using perscriptions illeagally (Guadagnino). Some actions can be taken to prevent employers from acting as enablers to employees using drugs. One of these actions is simply having drug tests. These tests measure the amount of illegal drugs in the person's system, and they are very effective. However, some people argue that it isn't ethical, and it would only be successful for employers that want to stop the drug use, not the very few that encouage it. Currently my job doesn't encourage much drug use, I am a telephone surveyer, and my hours are spend sitting at a desk, being monitored in my calling. However, because it is such a simple job, one could use drugs before going, and it might not be as noticable as other jobs since not much is required to work.

Brighton Seaside Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Brighton Seaside - Essay Example In 1313, Edward II granted Brighthelmston a charter that allowed market operations each Thursday at Brighton seaside. The market operations developed Brighton into a tourist site and visited by many vacationers. In the 21st century, Brighton and Hove have grown into a world tourist attraction. The new sea front has turned into an attractive and trendy magnet for visitors. Additionally, the newly created clubs, bars and restaurants has changed the area into fashionable beachfront in Britain. Today, it is highly regarded by theatregoers and artists as the main center for much famous west ends London productions. According to statistics, Brighton pier now at 1722 ft. in length with grade two-listed building, welcomes over three million visitors annually (Easdown 2009, p.12). Besides, Brighton seaside has been included among the top ten UK destinations for overseas visitors and top five most favorite cities. Brighton seaside is the future attraction site where one can find culture, good shopping, and enough food with the selection of specialty hotels. It is estimated to host over eight million visitors annually incorporating conference delegates and leisure visitors (Benson, 2015, p.1). According to Office for National Statistics (2014), Brighton is the most popular destination in the UK that is preferred by foreign tourists. In 2013, it hosted nearly 400, 000 foreign visitors. Benson, R 2015, Coastlines: The Story of Our Shore by Patrick Barkham, Book Review, The Independent. Retrieved On 30th March, 2015 from http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/coastlines-the-story-of-our-shore-by-patrick-barkham-book-review-10120105.html Farmer, B 2015, Pay Less for Parking in the Rain Plan for Seaside Town, The Telegraph, Retrieved On March 30, 2015

Environmental Proposal and Presentation Essay Example for Free

Environmental Proposal and Presentation Essay For this assignment we chose the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital for our virtual organization. This facility is a non-for-profit social insurance association that has supplied an extremely wide cluster of preferred value aids and offices to the town of Kelsey and the encompassing groups since 1975. The healing center supplies centered utilities for example emergency restorative consideration, surgery, work and committal, private medicine and radiology for developed persons and youthful kids. As one of the first facilities in Kelsey, they are besides dedicated to supplying a sort of projects that will underpin the health and welfare of their neighborhood inhabitant numbers (Apollo Group, 2006). The prime causes for hospital’s actuality from a dissection of the task, dream, and objectives are to be the social insurance affiliation of elective for patients, human services masters and M.D.s. Other nexus explanations are to supply esteem honor scoring social insurance aids to the group by viably treating contaminations and damages, supplying early mediation and preventive consideration, and twofold-checking their workers embraces inventiveness, respectability, esteem, aid, teamwork and freedom (Gwinnett health Center, 2009). In this entry we will infer two strategies to make collusions between the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital and its arranged inner and outside stakeholders. We will likewise clarify how the contrasts between administration and administration influence organizing inside the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. At long last, we will recommend a nature that is supportive of crew working and studying and that considers maintainable improvement and imaginatively inside the Patton-Fuller Community Hospital. BusinessDictionary.com (2009) describes stakeholders as: Persons, gathering, or cooperation that has immediate or digressive venture in an organization on the grounds that it can influence or be affected by the organization’s exercises, targets, and arrangements. Enter stakeholders in a venture affiliation envelop lenders, clients, heads, laborers, legislature, proprietors, dealers, mergers, and the group from which the venture portrayals its assets. In spite of the fact that stake holding is ordinarily self-legitimizing, not all stakeholders are equivalent and dissimilar stakeholders merit to unique concerns. Core stakeholders of the facility are the laborers, patients, guests, speculators, and the group. Smallwood, N., Sweetman, K. Ulrich, D. (2007, November 11) state: Employees longing to work in an area where they can meet their distinctive yearnings and likes. Pioneers who imagine assignments, work domains, and visions help laborers be both skilled and promised to their work. Patients need to comprehend that they are getting the greatest consideration reasonable and be skilled to accept the forethought suppliers. Voyagers longing to grasp their friends and family are acquiring the finest forethought and that they can accept guardians. Communities need chiefs to construct affiliations that are collectively mindful, with hoe they treat the indigenous nature and how they help the greater group. Speculators-need supervisors to keep their vows, advance an influencing evolvement technique arrange focus abilities to the plan then afterward to twofold-watch that folks are promised to committing on these manufacturing. At the point that they do, gurus pay the affiliation with abnormal amounts of confidence sometime to come, which changes over into higher business worth. Controllers need chiefs to administer themselves in concurrence with heightened moral standards and in a kind predictable with master and legitimate guidelines. The difference between leadership is when it comes to a company you work for a manage needs to decide what the company can do to become better. The management has to come up with a conclusion to come together with a project that they can do to keep business flowing and customers to keep coming. Leaders can get the job done if the employees are doing their job. Some people do less work then others therefore that can bring a company down depending on what they are doing at the job. If you practice more on a job you can get more things done even if you have to ask a manager to give you more things to do. If you do less then less performance will get done. No practice will show and more improvement will be needed from that person. It is always areas that you will definite need improvement to do good and in areas that you fall short. You also can start off with what is easy to you and come back and do the hardest part later. Some people thrive on getting better while others are there just to get a paycheck. We all have to deal with different task at a job whether it is easy or hard. You can get ahead a lot quick then waiting for someone to do your job for you. People that doing well; it will better them later on down the road. This is the best time to get things done now and it will get you a better future later. Today is the best time to develop and accomplish new ideas in the company. Leaders will guide you and make sure you are getting the job done the right way. They also like to guide you to look at things in a very different way in life. Management means stay on task and gets focus on what your job is. There is room to self-develop in the work place. They would like to get and input on what makes people do the things they do. People are very different in many different ways no two people thinks alike. When good managers see you are doing a good job that really makes them feel good. They will let you know and mention to the boss. When you have a great manager they will make sure that the work they gave you has gotten done and therefore, you can move to the next task. They want employees to keep things done the right way in a straight and narrow. Sometimes it take good strong leadership to get people to pull together to get the work done. If you are motivate you can achieve your goals when you have good leadership it tends to make people wants to succeed motivation can come from growing and wanting to be successful. Managing stress in a workplace can depend on the mental or physical level of what could have happen in that people life. Tell the manager about your stress in the workplace can be very risky or very effective. Stress can affect you mental and physical in our personal lives. Too much stress can affect our jobs and getting things done that we tend to forget about in our daily lives with so much going on as far as school, children, work and other etc. Some signs of stress can include headaches making mistakes and being very forgetfulness. Make sure you are taking a break and eat lunch or talking to someone so you won’t get burnt out about things that are taking our attention. Don’t take alcohol or do drugs while you are stressing it really just adds to the problem. The best thing to do is get counseling or see a doctor to discuss your problems. It can be helpful for others to know how you are doing. Stress can also lead to depression it can get in the way of your daily routines and communication to others. Be aware of the stress you can cause up on yourself and continue to get help. Patton Fuller Community Hospital’s point is to come to be a trusted organization in the company of its clients and scratch stakeholders, by supplying worth client mind and utilities to all its patients and by helping and reckonings of nexus stakeholders. Today with the expansion of wellbeing forethought costs, the necessity for productive consideration administration is on the register of essential concerns. Patton-Fuller comprehends this requirement and accordingly centers on the viewpoints of nexus stakeholders, patients, suppliers and laborers in the team effort technique. In place for the group to relegate on its promise to be the medicinal services cooperation of decision for patients, medicinal services masters and M.D.s, Patton-Fuller comprehends the vitality of useful territory interrelationships in which organize, inspire and summon enter staff in the course of the attainment of lifelong organizational objectives and targets.

Cold War :: essays research papers

At the conclusion of the WWII Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation controlled by Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Berlin, the capital of Germany, was located in the Soviet controlled section of Germany. Lack of agreement and compromise with the Soviet Union concerning the unity of Germany led to the beginning of the Cold War.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The term Cold War was first used by an American Financier Bernard Baruch in a congressional debate in 1947. A cold war can be defined as a condition of tension and conflict short of an actual war as was the case with America and the Soviet Union. In June 1948 the three allies, France, Great Britain, and the United States, established the German Federal Republic in West Germany, which they controlled. The Soviet Union however opposed any government run by any western powers and took many measures to prevent this new government from staying in power. On June 24, 1948 the soviets began a blockade of all land traffic to the western zone of Berlin, hoping to starve it of supplies and perhaps breaking down. But the US, France, and Great Britain, would not back down to the Soviets and so they began to airlift all supplies to West Germany. After about a year on May 12, 1949 the soviets realized their defeat and ended the blockade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States realized that the soviets expansionist aims threatened not only Europe but developing nations of the world as well. So in 1949 President Truman approved the Point Four Program which put aside nearly $400 million for technical development in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Truman had the idea that if these developing countries would modernize and strengthen their economies the growth of communism would be discouraged. In 1949 the United States joined with 11 other western nations in an alliance to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) which provided collective security in Europe and any other part of the world but the main goal was to contain communism. Shortly after the Soviet Union and seven other European nations joined to form an opposing alliance under the Warsaw Pact. Now practically the entire world was involved. Truman struck fear into people’s hearts when in September of 1949 he announced that the soviets had successf ully exploded an atomic bomb.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Meanwhile back in the United States fear of the Soviet Union and communism were rapidly growing.

Poetic Language Essay

There is no denying that when an author writes a text there is more meaning in it than just the obvious plot, authors constantly litter their texts with themes, double entendre, metaphor etc. all of which can be easily missed by the reader. If one reader was to miss many of these techniques but another was to pickup on most, then surely the latter would have understood the work better, and in the way it was intended, and therefore their interpretation is the more valid of the two. However we could argue that the text was written badly, because certain readers cannot understand it in the way it was intended. All this is just a small part of one of the biggest debates in modern literature and criticism, and that is whether or not it is necessary to know the history and context behind a book to fully understand it. It used to be that a critic would say that the best way to understand a work is to understand each individual author, and the circumstances behind their text, today however the general feeling is that it is best not to cloud the readers judgement with all the facts behind a text. Critics would today say that the best way to read a text is to ignore everything that goes with it and just concentrate on what you, the reader, picks up from it. The reason this debate is so important in relation to this essay is that the amount of information the reader is given about a text will always affect, not only their understanding of it, but also the way in which they understand it. That is to say that if a reader is given a lot of information about a text then it is bound to make them except the book in the way it was intended. If they had not been given that information then it is very likely that they would have interpreted it in a way that was closer and more personal to them (‘interpretation is a function of identity†¦all of us as we read, use literary work to symbolise and finally to replicate ourselves’ – Norman Holland, Introduction to Literature 13). In this example which of the two interpretations is more creditable, should the perfect text be written in such a way as to eliminate any interpretations other than what was intended by the author; or should it be written in a way that leaves the meaning open to debate and therefore have an infinite number of interpretations? Either way once a text has been shown to the public then the author has no control of what the reader will make of it, or how it is interpreted, and so it is left to the reader to make their own judgements and except it in the way that they want to. So is their interpretation incorrect? Obviously there is no way to prove the answer to this question but in this essay I intend to discuss both sides to the argument and draw up a conclusion as to what I think the answer is. The most obvious place to start would be by looking at other people’s interpretations of texts, and some of those interpretations are in films. I realise that film is never the best example to use when discussing literature because the plot and script are very rarely the same as the original. However, in the case of Shakespeare, this is not always true because the text is so well written and so powerful that it would be wrong and completely missing the point of making the film if you were to change it. Also the interpretations in films are usually much more diverse and varied which makes it a good example to look at because if you can find an interpretation which has been recommended to students as one not to use, as valid (‘†¦most candidates appeared to know Macbeth well. Some, however, were handicapped by having seen a film version†¦candidates should remember that it is Shakespeare’s text which is being examined.’ – Holderness, Interpreting Shakespeare 113); then that goes a long way to show that any interpretation is indeed a valid one. In the conclusion of a book called Interpreting Shakespeare on Screen the author sums up how Shakespeare is generally interpreted by the directors: ‘I have considered the ways in which films of Shakespeare’s plays, like literary criticism, produce different views on issues such as violence (by, to a greater extent, pretending it is absent from Shakespeare’s plays); gender (film changes gender roles, producing different Ophilias and Gertrudes†¦); sexuality†¦; race†¦; and finally, nationalism†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Cartmell, Interpreting Shakespeare 109) Cartmell shows us here how every different director has interpreted parts of the same play differently. She makes it clear that she does not agree with everything they have done, however she does recognise them as valid interpretations and has devoted a lot of time and effort to studying these films and producing a book which shows us the different interpretations and techniques used in filming Shakespeare’s plays. I have to agree with Cartmell on the point that to try and say that there is no violence in Shakespeare is ridiculous, all you have to do is look at Macbeth or Hamlet to see that that is wrong. These directors who have chosen to ignore this violence must have interpreted it in a different way, perhaps they saw the violence as justified and so chose to ignore it for that reason. Whatever the reason, is this interpretation as valid as Cartmell’s and mine? I would like to say that it is not but I cannot rule it out without having the other side of the argument put to me, and once an argument has been put forward surely that gives their view some sort of validity. If you have two people who have interpreted a section of prose differently and they can both argue their theory well then who is to say that they are not both valid. On the other hand if you again have two people with different views about a book’s meaning but this time one of them manages to persuade the other that they are wrong and so changes his mind, then would this not mean that the person with the better and stronger argument is the only one with the valid interpretation? After all the dictionary definition of valid is ‘soundly reasoned or having legal force’ and so if someone has an opinion about a text and stands by it but cannot argue the point surely this makes their opinion an invalid one. In An Introduction to Literature, Criticism and Theory reader-response criticism is summed up in three different ways. Firstly it is said that each individual, when reading, will always respond in a personal way. They will take what is written and match it to the situation they are in or have been in, and so can relate to the text better by doing this. This theory would explain why different people come up with different interpretations, it also suggests that each of those interpretations are valid because if you are relating a text to your personal experiences then it has to be a genuine response. Like every theory though there is always another side to the argument and this is where Stanley Fish’s idea that each reader belongs to a ‘community of readers’ comes in. There is still the idea that the reader relates to the text with their personal experience, and I do not think that many people would dispute that idea, but what Fish says is that the personal side to it is much more generalised. It is more to do with your background and your education, someone from England would interpret a book differently than someone from Africa because their backgrounds are completely different. The third explanation that is given is Wolfgang Iser’s view, which is the one I relate to the most. His theory is that the reader’s imagination is what produces the interpretation. If there is a point in the text which is not fully explained then we, the reader, are left to work it out for ourselves, for example in King Lear when Cordillia tells her father that she loves him ‘according’ to her ‘bond’, the reader is left wondering why she did that and not just make something up to rival her sisters’ answers; was it because she is stubborn or perhaps for moral reasons? The answer that the reader comes up with is their imagination filling in the gap. As Iser said the reader ‘is drawn into the events and made to supply what is meant from what is not said’ (Iser 1995, 24). This is particularly relevant when it comes to explaining interpretation because it is ‘what is not said’ in a text that gets the reader thinking, if a detail is mentioned but not explained then it is left to the reader to make up their own conclusions. Northrop Frye shares the same opinion as Iser, he wrote that reading is ‘like a picnic to which the author brings the words and the reader the meaning’ (Frye, http://www.clas.ufi.edu). Interpretation is a huge part of literature, it is involved in any type of reading that we do and it is completely up to the reader to how that literature is receive. The author, or his input anyway, dies as soon as they let the public see their text which leaves the reader on their own to read between the lines and come up with whatever they like. Having said this it leaves us thinking that if the author leaves the interpretation up to the reader then how can that interpretation be wrong, every author excepts the fact that their book will be taken in a way that wasn’t intended and they will not try to change that because it is all part of literary criticism. An author wouldn’t ever say that someone’s opinion was invalid because valid does not mean it is what was intended it only means that it is justified. One of Iser’s main points whenever he is talking of interpretation is that ‘Every interpretation transposes something into a different register that is not part of the subject matter to be interpreted. Therefore each interpretation is an act of translation, in the course of which something is shifted into what it is not.’ (Iser, http://sun3.lib.uci.edu). What he means is that interpretation might as well mean the same as translation when talking about literature; because the author is not sitting next to the reader and explaining what was actually meant the reader has to do the working out for themselves, which means that they may translate what is written in front of them into ‘what it is not’. The reader is reading things in the text which were not put there deliberately, they are reading not what is said but what has not been said so a large group of people who all read the same text have no chance of all reading the same thing because everybody wi ll have filled in the gaps slightly differently. ‘If the poem has a voice, it is articulated before, and one rearticulates it, reads it with one’s own voice, one has a reading which cannot properly be univocal.’ (John Lye, http://www.brocku.ca/english). This is much the same point as Frye was making with his example of a picnic; the author only produces the words and then it is the reader’s job to find meaning to these words. That almost makes it sound as if the reader has the greater task out of the two and it maybe that they do if once they have read a work and come up with their interpretation (or translation) they are then told that it is not a valid reading of that text. I have said that this topic of interpretation is one of the largest in modern literature and it is very closely linked with an equally large topic, deconstruction. The obvious source to turn to on this is The Critic as Host. In Lye’s commentary of this essay he makes a very good summary of what Miller had written: ‘Deconstruction, Miller seems to be concluding, opens us to the power and the complexities of language, thought, tradition, influence, meaning, to the ambiguities and paradoxes which really constitute what we once mistook for a unified field theory of human knowledge, by providing a form, a way of proceeding, which acknowledges the deep mysteries of meaning and which allows us to free ourselves from the tyrannies of univocal reading.’ (Lye, http://www.brocku.ca/english). There are two parts to this quote that I want to briefly discuss. Firstly, the fact that deconstruction ‘opens us to the power’ of language, thought and meaning. This cannot be said better in any other way, this is exactly what deconstruction does and it is this that leads the readers on to making their own interpretations of a text. Deconstruction makes us, the reader, think and analyse what has been written and from that draw up our conclusion of what was actually meant. The second part I wanted to look at is the fact that deconstruction allows us ‘to free ourselves from the tyrannies of univocal reading.’ Is ‘univocal reading’ actually a tyranny? Miller and Lye obviously think so, and I would agree, if literature was as straight cut as being able to read a book and draw up exactly the same interpretation ass everyone else there would be no need or point to study it. So how does deconstruction free us from this tyranny? The answer is because it forces the reader to think for themselves, to interpret a text in the way they want it interpreted instead of how the author, or even a teacher tells them to interpret it. Deconstruction forces the reader to be open minded about a text; to try and read something almost original into it. Again this all leads to a different interpretation to what others have read. However, the question of whether thinking for oneself, and the new ideas and interpretations that brings is valid or not is still present. When I picked this question I always thought that the only possible answer was that every interpretation is a valid one, that is the opinion that most people hold. However, after exploring the topic I have found a few doubts. Although they come to expect it, is it really fair to take an authors text that they have probably been working on for a matter of years and completely change the meaning of it? Surely what they write is personal to them, not necessarily as an experience they have had but more that they have devoted so much time to their work to a standard that they see as perfection. They then introduce it to the public and a critic misinterprets it and gives it a bad review because they did not like their own translation of what was written. These doubts I have are not strong enough to change my mind, but they are there and should not be ignored. In closing I do believe that everybody is entitled to their own opinion, and literary criticism is exactly that, opinions. There is no way to write a text and ensure that every reader interprets it in the way it was intended. Authors are very interested to learn about different interpretations of their works and I think that it is this acceptance and acknowledgement from them that not proves but should persuade people that any interpretation of any work is a valid one. I will finish with a quote from an interpretation of Miller’s The Critic as Host that sums up what I believe to be the answer to whether all interpretations are valid or not: ‘The root of idea is the word for image. To imagine is to image. All figures are not what they figure. Univocality is impossible. Everything always means something else.'(Lye,http://www.brocku.ca/english).