Why did the Beatles and the Rolling Stones have such a great impact during the 1960’s?

In the early 60's and late 50's things changed people were more open to new ideas and T.V, fashion and Music became a very big part of life. They were all new and exciting and every young person wanted to be part of it. Music especially played a big part all that teenagers wanted to do was listen to music but this was made very hard for them there was no radio stations for them the had to listen to Radio Luxembourg which although played non-stop pop music kept cutting out after every few minutes the in 1964 a new pirate station was launched it was Radio Caroline It was a ship which was just outside British territorial waters and did the same as radio Luxembourg, played non stop pop music. Every teenager loved it but it was very unpopular with the BBC and the government and they tried to get it banned. There were British Pop acts though and two of the biggest were the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. When I say big I mean huge, I was born in 1988 about 25 years after the bands started out and I could quote you lyrics from some of their songs. People are still buying their music today and they are still acquiring new fans every year. The Beatles wee four Lads from Liverpool with very broad regional accents and they were Paul, Ringo, George and John. The Beatles were different they had different and new hairstyles and they wrote and performed their own music unlike so many other British acts. Many people didn't like them and saw them as an attack on the establishment. The Rolling Stones were Mick, Keith, Charlie and Bill. They were from London and they had their first hit in Britain in 1963 with Come On/I Wanna Be Loved. They also had a hit with a Beatles cover. They were known by the establishment as longhaired louts and had very much the same feedback from the public as the Beatles did although a lot of people would argue that they were worse than the Beatles. One person said that when they went to a Beatles concert they didn't hear one note all they could hear was the thousands of fans screaming. This was new no one had supported a band or musician like this before yes there had been strong followings for people before but nothing like that was seen at each bands concerts. At about the same time or just slightly before the same music phenomenon was happening in the USA with bands like the beach boys and the monkeys. British music was influenced by the US and a lot of people looked to the country as inspiration. Neither were instant hits though The Beatles had actually been a struggling band playing in clubs like the cavern, where they actually got discovered and the stones didn't get to number one until July 1964. As the years went on they got more drastic and the Beatles wrote songs which were obviously about drugs and this is why young people liked them because they weren't afraid to say what they wanted to which many teenagers wanted to but never could do before. I suppose our modern day answer to the Beatles would be someone like Eimenem. In the beginning of the 60's there was such an attack on the establishment and bands like the stones and the Beatles upheld this attack. They were people teenagers could follow and who their parents didn't really like, which for some made them like them even more. They weren't just pop stars to them, they were heroes. You could say well what makes them so different from every other band, what made them so special well one of the things for the Beatles was that they were one of the first, no other band was like them they were new, exciting and talented. A modern day example of how they become famous is the spice girls and I'm not comparing them on talent but when the spice girls came along there was no other proper girl band which is why thy were such a success. Lyrics were a big part of both bands they were new and inspirational and home-grown examples are â€Å"I can't get no satisfaction† from the Beatles and † I wish somebody'd come along and run into it and wreck it†. They also wrote their own lyrics. They were turned in Media Stars and they both were the first ever bands to be a hit in America no other bands were like them. They both had very good management which also helped them lots The Beatles had Epstein and the stones had Oldham both of whom were very good at their jobs and made stars out of both bands. Something that kept the Beatles and the stones in the charts was that they changed with the times, the sixties was all about that nothing stayed popular for very long but they changed as the time went to suit that months trend. The stones didn't change as much as the Beatles but from what they did I think they grew into it, I believe that the Beatles were managed into it but it made them a success, made them very rich and gave each one a chance at their own solo careers. They were legends, the two remaining Beatles now have been successful in their careers and even today the rolling stones are still performing and realising album the most recent one being 40 licks, which was a complete success and which I know of people my own age that brought the C.D so if they get that kind response in 2003 you can only begin to imagine what it was like in sixties how it made their fans feel how much impact they had on everyone whether they enjoyed their music or not.

Aqa Psya3 Interventions for Addiction Notes

Interventions for addiction (Key: – = negative criticism/limitations + = positive criticism/support Biological interventions Methadone for heroin: Heroin addicts are given Methadone, which gives similar effects but is less addictive. Their dose is slowly increased to build up tolerance, then slowly decreased to wean the addict of it until the addict need neither substance. Some people just switch from being heroin addicts to Meth addicts – Statistics show more than 300 methadone related deaths in the UK in 2007 – Methadone consumption is often unsupervised, which has created a black market, where addicts can sell their doses for only ? 2 Potential drug treatments for gambling: not approved in the UK yet, but there is evidence that SSRI’s (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors which increase serotonin= good mood) or Naltrexone (a dopamine receptor antagonist, which reduces the reward of gambling by reducing dopamine) may be effective. Hollander found tha t gamblers treated with SSRI’s showed improvements compared to a control group – BUT Hollander’s study only had 10 participants; a larger, longer study by Blanco et al (32 gamblers over 6 months) showed SSRI was no more effective than a placebo + Kim and Grant showed that naltrexone led to decrease in gambling thoughts and behaviours after 6 weeks of treatment – Intervention bias of doctors: Cohen and Cohen suggest that clinicians don’t believe addictions are too difficult to treat, because they only come across them when the addiction is too advanced to respond to treatment Psychological interventions:Reinforcement: Sindelar did a study with addicts on methadone therapy (+ counselling). One group was rewarded every time they tested negative for drugs. By the end, the reward group had 60% more negative urine tests than the control (who weren’t offered rewards). + Sindelar showed it to be effective at reducing the addictive behaviour – BUT Reinforcement doesn’t address the underlying problems that caused the addiction in the first place, so as soon as the rewards are removed, addicts may just go back to engaging in the same, or another addictive behaviour again (eg an alcoholic may go back to alcohol, or develop an new addiction for sex). The rewards would have to be paid for by the NHS, which is a public service funded by taxes. The general public wouldn’t want their taxes being spent on giving addicts rewards CBT: CBT helps people change the way they think about their addiction and learn ways of coping effectively. (eg. in gambling addiction, the addict has a cognitive error in believing they can influence the outcome of the game, CBT would correct this wrong thinking by showing them that the belief is irrational) + Effective: Ladoceur et al randomly allocated 66 pathological gamblers to either a CBT group or waiting list.At the end, 86% of the treatment group were no longer classed as pathologica l gamblers, and had increased self-efficacy. + ALSO Sylvian et al looked at treatments that targeted both cognition and behaviour. Pathological gamblers were given cognitive therapy, social skills training and relapse prevention, resulting in improvements which were maintained at a 1yr follow-up. Research has tended to show that no psychological treatment to be superior, but that they are most effective when combined with pharmacological treatments. Public health interventions The NIDA (National Institute on Drug Abuse) Study:US government sponsored interventions such as the NIDA Collaborative Cocaine Treatment (CCT) study are designed to intervene in the cycle of drug-related personal and social problems. + The NIDA intervention led to a reduction in cocaine use, and subsequent reductions in related behaviours (eg. unprotected sex, which led to a reduction in HIV transmission) Telephone smoking ‘Quitline’: Stead et al found that smokers who received repeated Quitline c ounselling telephone calls were 50% more likely to quit than a control who only received brief counselling. Has real-world applications: Military personnel deployed overseas often take up, or increase smoking habits. Beckham et al found that combining Quitline services with nicotine replacement therapy was highly effective in treating US military veterans. Prevention of youth gambling: Messerlian et al proposed a prevention model based on research into teenage pathological gambling using denormalisation, protection, prevention and harm reduction principles. (eg. programme based on prevention would include early identification of ‘at risk’ youths, and attempt to avert them from escalating towards pathological gambling. + Public health intervention in gambling is proactive and addresses a potentially devastating social issue. Research shows that problem gambling as a teen can lead to subsequently adverse outcomes, (eg. strained relationships, criminal behaviour, depressio n and even suicide) so early prevention is essential. (Derevensky and Gupta)

Factors influencing News editors’ decisions Essay

Factors influencing News editors’ decisions Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   News form an important part in the society because it helps in providing people with information as well as keeping people updated on events and happenings that are taking place across the world. The factors which I think news editors consider in making a decision include: Age of the targeted audiences. The editors have noted that the age group of those who read the Newspapers and those who watch TVs is different in that the older generation prefers written content unlike the younger generation who prefer visuals and audio which is available through television (Halan, 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Secondly, the difference in taste and preference of the audiences also affects the choice of news presentation by the editors. There are people who prefer a combination of the visual and audio (Islam, 2008). Therefore, the use of TV to present some news makes a greater impact than when the newspapers are used. Furthermore, news editors aim at being providers of exclusive news for their audiences. Therefore, to maintain exclusiveness with their news as compared to their competitors, news editors would choice an alternative that would make them exclusive to the audience(Halan, 2009). This will enable them to achieve higher sales in terms of newspapers or high viewing rate if they use the TVs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the other factor that I think may be an influence on the choice of news presentation, whether through a newspaper or television is whether the news is meant for international or the national audience(Islam, 2008). To reach a wider audience internationally or nationally, news editors would prefer a means that is easily accessible to majority of the targeted audience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, in conclusion, it is my view that age, exclusivity, taste and preference of the targeted audience, and national or international interest that the news is aimed at form the factors that influence the decision of the editors. The end result is for them to achieve more sales, higher viewing rates as well as enhanced reputation. References Halan, Y. C. (2009). Communication skills: Effective editing; a practical handbook to develop good editing skills. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. Islam, R. (2008). Information and public choice: From media markets to policy making. Washington, D.C: World Bank. Source document

Journey of man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journey of man - Essay Example This essay will expound on this thesis. In this most compelling story of natural history, the pivotal moment was the great Ice Age that set in 50 thousand years ago. Up until this point, the entire human population (technically of the species Homo sapiens) were confined to just the African continent. This is understandable, for most of the early hominids evolved in this landmass, with the evolution of our species being a natural progression. With the onset of the Ice Age, the rich and diverse ecology of central and southern Africa began to change. With the substantial drop in temperatures, the erstwhile green and fertile regions began to dry up. The early human populations that depended on this ecosystem for survival faced drought like conditions. To illustrate the depth of the problem, the sea-shore caves of South Africa, which were used as shelter by primitive people, became ever more distant from the shore line – nearly 40 kilometers at the peak of the Ice Age. Such radical changes to the ecology forced people to move toward he north-east of the continent, where the climate was somewhat more temperate. And this crisis for survival is perhaps the most important event in anthropology. For, without it, Homo sapiens might not have ever left Africa. In consequence, the richness, diversity and reach of human species might have been limited. There are many interesting subplots within the epic narrative of Journey of Man. What each of these subplots tells us is that there is a shared sense of adventure and enterprise inherent in our species. To begin with, the populating of the Australian continent was a tantalizing story of adventure and chance. Scientists were first confounded by the 6000 mile of ocean that separated the East African coast from the nearest shore in Australia. Later it came to light that the radically new geological conditions created by the Ice Age provided an easy passage wherever the sea had receded. In geological timescales, usually popu lations within a species only gradually expand their habitat. But the speed with which our species moved out of Africa was unprecedented in the history of evolution. This is underscored by the astounding fact that in Australia there was not even a single primate species when humans arrived there. Likewise the crossing of the arctic inhabiting Chikchu people into the New World is another historical achievement of our species. The Americans who are newly native to this expansive continent nearly covered its entire breadth and width in less than a millennia of its advent. Instances such as these highlight how all groups within our species shared the same spirit of adventure and tenacity for survival. It is these qualities that unites us as humans and makes us the most intelligent and successful species on the planet. Another interesting information presented in the documentary is how modern Europeans took a complex migratory route to arrive at Western Europe. The lore of the Cro-Magnon man is very prescient to the mind as they conquered the temperate and cold climes of Europe with a physiology that was ill suited to these conditions. In other words, the early inhabitants of Europe were dark skinned people, who quickly acquired a paler complexion. They were also very imaginative and creative in finding the means to adapt and survive in conditions that are alien to those found in the Central

Talk about philosophies and theories behind entrepreneurial behavior Essay

Talk about philosophies and theories behind entrepreneurial behavior - Essay Example Organization is very significant since it permits coordination between all other aspects vital in production (Marshal, 1994). The chosen entrepreneur plans and manages his firm from all-organizational and product delivery aspects. When he gets a chance to design an intricate website, he hires interim web designers to work on the job as he looks for other business opportunities. The entrepreneur has the tenet of not getting any money before the project is completed. Through innovation and organized manner, the entrepreneur establishes a new commodity and product enhancement. The business strategy of developing a long-term commodity seems to be viable for the entrepreneur (Marshal, 1994). In order to attain long-term commodity, he must comprehend the product in details. Further, need to predict transformations in product demands in the market. In addition, he needs to have full information about the risky environment that the product might operate. From the author’s findings, it is clear that the entrepreneur is working on improvement of the website by including new technology such as three dimensions. If this technology is implemented, it will create increased demand and in turn, he will develop a reputation of being the first Omani pioneer organization to use three-dimension technology. In reference to the Marshal theory, which asserts that skills and knowledge of entrepreneurship are infrequent and limited, he also maintains that a few people can show such skills in practical. Despite this people can undergo training to achieve these skills and knowledge but it is always reliant on business environment and economic condition. The demand for three-dimension technology is on the rise in Omani but due to lack of resources, the technology has not been fully implemented. Despite this several academic institutions offers courses on web design, which increases people knowledge about the technology. In reference

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Education - Essay Example Thus, repeated experiences of teaching different topics and observing lectures and sessions being taken emphasized the understanding within the Physicist that the general notion of understanding among the teacher-to-be was that the meaning of learning something was only to memorize it word by word, knowing every single definition by heart. But the core understanding of any of those things was unimportant to them. Absence of actual understanding led to the inability of the students to relate the physics concepts to practical situations. Certain words or ideas that appear frequently are ‘learn’, ‘meaning’ etc. The physicist is trying to emphasize that knowing something is not merely memorizing it but it actually requires concepts to be understood in practical perspectives especially when it comes to physics. The most important binaries that the author sets up are mentioning the Brazilian teachers-to-be to the mainstream system of the country itself. Another im portant binary that the physicist mentions is that of mentioning the US government officials to be as naive as the Brazilians who were unaware of the deficiency in their system. As the officials fail to realize the essence of Robert’s analysis he considers the US officials to be educated in a similar superficial manner in which the Brazilians are being educated. I think the text sarcastically points out the general nature of the Brazilian people. If it is the matter of learning Physics that is dealt such superficially then it must be the same with all the other subjects and even official state related matter. This is because the officials that would eventually come out of such a learning system would not let any such peers survive who may be learned enough to raise... This paper approves that about the topic of the essay Feynman believes that it was very clearly deceiving. He was alarmed to realize that Brazilian personnel who were being trained as teachers were hardly aware of the core concepts of practical Physics and had only learned word to word the exact text in the books instead of ever realizing the meaning of that text. Absence of actual understanding led to the inability of the students to relate the physics concepts to practical situations. This essay makes a conclusion that if it is the matter of learning Physics that is dealt such superficially then it must be the same with all the other subjects and even official state related matter. This is because the officials that would eventually come out of such a learning system would not let any such peers survive who may be learned enough to raise points of objection upon their modes of conduct. Since the entire Brazilian system is the resultant of a single educational system running throughout the country, it would behave just as similar to the larger in majority students who would suppress any others who would like to raise questions during lectures. They would refer to this question raising action as a deviation from learning not only for the student itself but also for all those others around him. So, the text may seems to be entirely about the knowing of something not as merely as learning it superficially, but in reality it was a critical analysis of the perspective o f the people of Brazil and specially the higher ups of the system of the state.

Comment on three minor characters such as Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Essay - 1

Comment on three minor characters such as Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, or Feste. Why is each one important in the play - Essay Example Firstly, when the character of Sir Toby is taken into consideration, it is clear that it (the character) has been created for the purpose of humor. But here, it needs to be specifically highlighted that this character is a one having negative shades. Sir Toby resides in the house of his niece, even though he is in no way entitled to do so. Also, he treats all servants of the household in an extremely abusive manner. As a matter of fact, Sir Toby believes in using people for meeting his own interests. This is evident not just by the fact that he makes the home of his niece as his permanent residence, but also by the way in which he interacts with Sir Andrew, another comical character of the play. On one occasion in the play, Sir Toby states â€Å"What a plague means my niece, to take the death of her brother thus? I am sure cares an enemy to life.† These lines vividly focus on the fact that he has no sympathy for his niece, who is grieving the death of her brother. The fact tha t this focuses on his inhuman nature warrants no special mention. In another situation of the play, Sir Toby is unhesitant while remarking â€Å"With drinking healths to my niece: Ill drink to her as long as there is a passage in my throat and drink in Illyria: hes a coward and a coystrill that will not drink to my niece till his brains turn o the toe like a parish-top. What, wench! Castiliano vulgo! for here comes Sir Andrew Agueface.† Even a superficial reading of these lines is enough to convince anyone that, Sir Toby believes solely in drinking and making merry, even at others’ expense! Likewise, there are numerous examples in the play that stress on the negativity of Sir Toby’s character. (1) (2) Next, the focus needs to move on to the character of Maria, who is another member of Olivia’s household. In fact, it is in no way an overstatement in maintaining that the character of Maria is very much similar to the one of Sir Toby, having all the related negative traits.

Ethics in Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ethics in Technology - Essay Example In contrast, the Trojan Horse was specifically classified as a virus which manifests damaging capabilities to the computer in terms of infecting the user’s files virtually undetected. Its origin was reported to have be sourced from the story in the Greek mythology regarding the invasion of Troy where Greek warriors reported hid in the huge wooden Trojan horse that was presented, supposedly as a gift. Part 2: Examining the Morality of Releasing a Worm 1. Through Kantian Ethics Explaining Kantian ethics in simpler terms, the ethical theory is expounded through the scenario where a perpetuator of an act focuses on the act itself, without apparent regard to the act’s repercussion or outcome. Kant asserted that by virtue of the task, duty, or job, actions are evaluated on their own precepts. Kantian ethics was also explained in terms of seeing one’s behavior or actions in terms of one’s duty or obligation. In the case of Morris, as a student, it was his duty to conform and adhere to the standards and ideals of the university where he was enrolled. As such, his actions were governed by the university’s rules, policies, and codes of coduct and ethical behavior. Therefore, looking at Morris’ actions regarding the issue of releasing the Internet worm that apparently created damage to more than 6,000 computers globally , the act still violated both ethical and moral standards using the Kantian ethics in terms of discerning that the act itself was already wrong at the onset. Releasing the worm as the act was found to be described as â€Å"the unfocused intellectual meandering of a hacker completely absorbed with his creation and unharnessed by considerations of explicit purpose or potential effect† (Eisenberg, Gries, Hartmanis, Holcomb, Lynn, & Santoro, 1989, p. 706). The committee who reviewed the ethical dilemma found that Morris’ actions failed to abide by the ethical standards of professionalism and of discerning that the act was initially morally wrong. 2. Through Utilitarian Ethics Utilitarian ethics, on the other hand was described as an ethical theory that focuses on the results or outcome, specifically, how the action affects the greater number of people for the greater good (National Endowment for Financial Education, 2006). With the premise that utilitarian ethics focuses on the outcome, Morris’ release of the worm is definitely seen as morally wrong since the results have been proven to be destructive. Likewise, as revealed from the Cornell Commission, while reviewing Morris’ actions, the committee tasked to impose sanctions to Morris revealed that by being a student of Cornell and who accepted accountability for releasing the worm through the Internet, he exemplified failure to take a proactive stance in seriously considering the repercussions of his actions and what the potential effects would be in the owners and users of the computers he infected. Therefore, the ac tion is also a violation of moral standards using the utilitarian ethics framework, since it resulted to negative impact on a significantly large number of people, whose files and databases had been compromised, lost and damaged due to his actions. Conclusion In evaluating the ethical issues pertinent to Morris’

Evidence of Marketing Failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 16

Evidence of Marketing Failure - Essay Example The researcher states that it is essential for each and every brand to undergo a sophisticated marketing strategy and execute the same so that the customers become brand loyal. However, it is to be noted that if brands fail to do marketing in an adequate manner and if there is any loophole in the marketing process, then this may lead to drastic fall of the brand. In this regard, there are certain brands in the world that have undergone certain marketing strategies and has drastically failed. Simultaneously, this has significantly affected the brand image of the organization and hence, incurred a tremendous amount of loss. Throughout the world, there have been several pieces of evidence of marketing failures that have taken place in the recent times. This is prominent because of the lack of understanding of the consequences of the marketing strategy. There also have been cases regarding lack of adequate implementations of the strategy that has led to marketing failures and hence, resu lted in the drastic fall and loss to the organization. Marketing failure can be significantly observed in case of New York Times in December 2011. In this regard, the New York Times on that period was about to sent an email to all the customers, who were about to cancel their subscription from New York Times. The email contained about some of the added facilities and discounts from them so that the organization retains those customers in the long run. The email was required to be sent to 300 of such customers. The task was given to one of the employees of the organization. Unfortunately, the employee unintentionally delivered the email to 8 million customers. Due to this 8 million of the customers demanded a discount. It has resulted into a chaos within the organization and all its stakeholders. However, the employee and the organization had taken apologies for sending such kind of emails to its customers.

Theoretical Paradigms Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Paradigms Essay Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theoretical paradigms allow sociologists to analyze effectively virtually any dimension of society.   It is a set of fundamental assumptions that guides thinking and research.   Two among the three paradigms in sociology that I want to compare and contrast in terms of their strengths and weaknesses of their explanatory value for social inequalities are the Conflict Approach and Functionalism Approach. The Conflict Approach is a theoretical framework based on the assumption that society is a complex system characterized by inequality and conflict that generate social change. This approach complements the functional approach by highlighting not integration but social division.   This approach strength is that it guides sociologists to investigate how factors such as social class, race, ethnicity, sex, and age are linked to unequal distribution of money, power, education, and social prestige.  Ã‚   Therefore, rather than identifying how social structure promotes the operation of society as a whole, this approach focuses on how these patterns benefit some people while being harmful to others.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, the functionalism Approach is a framework for building theory based on the assumption that society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote stability. The functional approach strength is that, it makes two assertions.   The first holds that society is composed of social structures, meaning relatively stable patterns of social behavior.   Social structures range from broad patterns, including the family and religious systems, to face-to-face behavior like waving hello.   The second is that each social structure has a social function, or consequences for the operation of society as a whole (Marx, 1984).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, the functionalism approach has long been influential in sociology.   The positivist root in this approach is the tendency to see the social world as stable and orderly.   The job of sociologists, from this point of view, is to employ scientific research to learn how society works. Despite its strong influence on the discipline of sociology, however, recent decades have revealed the weaknesses of this approach.   By assuming that society operates more or less â€Å"naturally,† critics point out, the functionalism approach tends to overlook how social patterns vary form place to place and change over time.   Thus, the notion that any particular arrangement is natural seems hazardous at best.   By focusing attention on societal unity, critics point out, functionalism tends to overlook divisions based on social class, race, ethnicity, and gender, and to downplay how such division can generate tension and conflict. In addition to its weaknesses, functionalism emphasis on stability and tends to minimize important processes of social change.   Further, by emphasizing social integration, the functionalism approach tends to pay less attention to divisions based on social class, race, ethnicity, and gender and to downplay how such divisions often generate tension and conflict.   Overall, then, this approach takes a conservative stance toward society. The conflict approach, on the other hand, has developed rapidly in recent decades.   Yet, like functionalism, it has a number of weaknesses.   One, this approach highlights power struggles, it gives little attention to social unity based on functional interdependence and shared values.   Another, the conflict approach advocates explicitly political goals in its drive for a more egalitarian society, thereby giving up claim to scientific objectivity.   Supporters of this approach counter that all social approaches have political consequences, albeit different ones. An additional weakness, which applies equally to both the functionalism and conflict approach, is that they paint society with broad strokes, describing our lives as a composite of â€Å"family,† â€Å"social class,† â€Å"gender,† â€Å"ethnic group,† â€Å"race,† and so on. Hence, both functionalism and conflict approach share a macro-level orientation, meaning a concern with large-scale patterns that characterize society as a whole.   They take in the big picture, as one might investigate a city from the vantage point of a helicopter high above the ground, noting how highways facilitate traffic flow from one place to another or the striking contrasts between rich and poor neighborhoods. These approaches limit their attention to large-scale structures and processes while overlooking the details of everyday life (such as the interactions that occur in a particular bar on a particular day at a particular hour).   Macro-level orientation takes various forms: those who adopt a conflict approach see large-scale social patterns in terms of how they impose themselves on the behavior of individuals.   That is, they try to describe characteristics of society as a whole in ways that illuminate patterns of interaction among individuals. Those who adopt a functionalism approach ask how the large-scale patterns of society as a whole contribute to the integration of society. Conflict sociologists find that the distribution of people among position (or statuses) affects decisions even as â€Å"personal† as the choice of a marriage partner.   Tepperman Curtis (2004) use two characteristics of society—heterogeneity and inequality—to predict rates of intermarriage (that is, the frequency of marriage involving people from different racial, ethnic, or religious groups).     Ã‚  Heterogeneity refers to the level of sameness or differentiation within a population:   heterogeneity is high if a population is divided into many different racial, ethnic, or religious groups; it is low if most of the people are the same in these respects. Inequality refers to the distribution of valued resources such as wealth or education.   In a society with high inequality, such resources are concentrated in the hands of the few, while the majority has very little left to divide among themselves; inequality is lower when these resources are divided more evenly among people in a society.   According to Tepperman Curtis, higher rates of heterogeneity and inequality encourage people to interact with people different from themselves, and this interaction in turn increases the rate of intermarriage.    It follows that higher rates of heterogeneity and inequality generally promote rather than discourage intergroup relations of all kinds.   The behavior is predicted from the structure of the society itself rather than from the beliefs and attitudes of individuals.   The level of integration of a society is a consequence of the distribution of people among social positions (that is, of the amount of heterogeneity and inequality). The functionalists take a different perspective on the large-scale integration of society.   These sociologists see society as composed of specialized institutions: patterned behaviors and status/role relationships that fulfill basic societal needs.   For example, economic institutions are responsible for mobilizing scarce resources in order to produce and distribute goods and services that people need.   Dissimilar institutions are held together in an ordered whole because each is assigned the task of satisfying a particular societal need; each contributes to the overall functional integration of the society itself.   Without families, for example, new generation would not be socialized to the dominant values and norms of the society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a conclusion, both the Conflict Approach and Functionalism Approach envision society in abstract terms, which sometimes seem quite distant from our everyday experience. References Marx, K. (1984).   Selected Writings in Sociology and Social Philosophy. T. B.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bottomore, Trans.     McGraw-Hill, New York. Tepperman, L. Curtis, J. (2004).   Sociology: A Canadian Perspective. Oxford   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   University Press, Canada.

The Strengths and Weakness of Affirmative Action

The Strengths and Weakness of Affirmative Action Affirmative action was formed more than fifty years ago during the Civil Rights movement with the goal of everyone having the same chances in life. A lot has changed since then. So why are we still trying to make up for past sins? Are the people who are benefiting from affirmative action today the ones who were harmed and discriminated against in the past? No. The race card should not be used in an academic environment and diversity should not put a more qualified applicant on the side lines. Academics should be the determining factor for college admissions not race. According to Kristina Crawley and Tony Magart, Affirmative action is a program built on racial discrimination, all the while claiming to fight it. In order for a student to achieve advancement other students are unjustly discriminated against or punished. Colleges should be looking at the accomplishments of the students, not what ethnicity they were born. Colleges even post the percentages of each minority attending their schools on their websites. Is this supposed to sway students to attend specific colleges based on who their fellow classmates are to be? Does this guarantee diversity? Shouldnt students be looking at what the college can offer them to help them succeed in life? They have their whole lives ahead of them. The primary problem with affirmative action in colleges is it has failed to bring about a major goal to ease racial tension and lessen the color consciousness of college students. The actual results have had the opposite effect. According to Mr. Roberts, Affirmative action poses a conflict between two cherished American principles: the belief that all Americans deserve equal opportunities and the idea that hard work and merit, not race or religion or gender or birthright, should determine who prospers and who does not. How are students suppose to see each other as equals if they are not considered equals when applying to college? The message minorities are receiving according to Mr. Steele, Society now tells them that if they will only designate themselves as black on their college applications, they will probably do better in the college lottery than if they conceal this fact. The tensions continue to exist because the white student sees the minority student as undeserving and the m inority student sees the white student as racist and part of a group that works against furthering the minoritys ability to obtain a college education. Affirmative action creates reverse discrimination which is defined as Discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group, especially when resulting from policies established to correct discrimination against members of a minority or disadvantaged group. This is the case when colleges are allowed to consider race when accepting college applications. Arent colleges actually practicing what the country is trying to eliminate; discrimination? Colleges dont see themselves discriminating against other students. They call it diversification. There are many ways colleges can diversify without using race to achieve those goals. There are minorities who have qualifications to attend college without affirmative action. Not all minorities are in low income areas which have less than desired school systems. What about those students who break free from the Ghetto? There are many success stories from minorities who have risen above poverty and became very successful. We want students who will succeed in college and have something to contribute to our education, not a free pass. Advocates of affirmative action believe that for better learning classes must have a diverse student environment. This logic is flawed. According to Mr. McElroy, Racial diversity does not necessarily lead to diversity of opinion. Students with different interests and talents make a campus life vibrant and ensure that a variety of activities are pursued. Race is a purely external characteristic and has no effect on what a person brings to a community. To suggest that skin color determines ones attitude or what they might bring to the table is racism in itself. Why does skin color dictate ideas or activities a person may pursue? Diversity is not determined by skin color. Society has been unfair to minorities in the past. Yes, our ancestors did profit from using slave labor. Affirmative action does not make up for wrong doings. According to Mr. Steele, It is impossible to repay blacks living today for the historic suffering of the race, demonstrating the absurdity of trying to make up for what our ancestors did. Society is discriminating against a new group now in order to compensate for the discrimination of one group in the past. What has been accomplished when discrimination has yet to be conquered? Why does the need for diversity have to keep discrimination alive? At Wayne State University Law School in Detroit, despite the ban on affirmative action, the new admissions policy still has the ability to see color. Instead of checking a race box officials look at the students address. They are able to see if the student lives on an Indian reservation or in the heart of Detroit where the population is concentrated mainly with African Americans. What has changed? They still see color knowing who resides in these populace areas. It does not matter that the people voted for a ban on using race in the admission process. The colleges are finding new ways to continue to act in the old ways of admitting college students for the sake of diversity. According to Mr. Connerly, If black and Hispanic students are rare at selective universities, the solution is better academic preparation, not special treatment in admissions. Every individual should have the same opportunity to compete. The problem is not about the minority students who are excelling but about the minority students who are statistically failing in the public school system. Statistics show that blacks who were given preferential treatment failed at elite colleges at a much higher rate than other races and affirmative action gave those unprepared students admission to those colleges. When a college uses race in the admissions process and then the students later fail is a real disservice to those students. The color of a students skin should not be the deciding factor. Society is creating new problems for minority students all the while trying to bring diversity to their colleges. A popular belief about why minority applicants are less qualified to attend college is they have not been provided the same opportunities generally provided to white students. This is true. The system in this country does not give minority groups equal access to economic and educational resources. This does not mean that minorities should slide into college without the foundation to succeed. If they are unprepared they are more likely to fail. It would be more sensible to find the source of the problem. School funding should be changed. There should be a system where low income schools get the funding they need to rise above the issues they face every day. Better teachers need to be attracted to these areas to try and make a difference. Yes this is a large order and will take time. No one said solving discrimination would be an overnight process. Armstrong Williams, a black syndicated columnist stated, There is a very real danger that we are merely reinforcing the idea that minorities are first and foremost victims. Because of this victim status, the logic goes, they are owed special treatment. But that isnt progress, its inertia. By putting minorities into the role of victims, we are not helping them to advance, we are holding them in place. Affirmative action places students in situations where their efforts are not measured but the color of their skin is. What does this teach them? How does this give students confidence and control of their actions? Is it more important to bring minority students in the classroom no matter how prepared they are for the sake of diversity? If you believe in affirmative action you believe some people didnt get a fair shake in life and need help. Whats wrong with helping the little guy, the one who hasnt gotten a break in life? Many students live in poor segregated communities and the only hope they have to leave is to better themselves at colleges or universities outside their neighborhoods. These students are able to get to the front of the admissions list just by their heritage. This doesnt mean they arent hardworking students and are just as capable as their white counterpart. Affirmative action levels the playing field for them, but is this really fair? According to Peter Schmidt, Proponents of race-conscious admissions policies have yet to produce a study of their educational benefits without some limitation or flaw. Many focus only on benefits to minority students. Others define benefits in nakedly ideological terms, declaring the policies successful if they seem correlated with the adoption of liberal views. A large share relies on survey data that substitute subjective opinions for an objective measurement of learning. Advocates of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to demand more of the research. They feel no education policy has irrefutable proof of its effectiveness. There are other alternatives to achieve diversity without using affirmative action. In Florida, the public university system uses the method which admits the top twenty percent of each graduating class. Texas uses a similar program and admits the top ten percentage of each of their graduation classes. Colleges and universities must look further at both students and teachers if they want diversity. Checking off a race box on an application does not necessarily bring more diversity to the classroom. Using college entrance essays will tell the admissions official more than looking at his or her race. A student who has had extensive travels because one of his or her parents is in the military will bring more diversity to a classroom than the black student who has grown up in the suburbs. Teachers also can bring a wide range of diversity with more than their race. Even white teachers can have fascinating backgrounds that can contribute to their teaching styles. Maybe the teacher was in the Peace Corp for a period of time or was raised in another country. How do we know what a teacher can bring to the college by looking at race? There are many good and bad teachers in the educational system. The most important factor would be to find more qualified teachers to give the students a good e ducation and not put the emphasis on diversity. Affirmative action has made the admission system look too closely at race. Instead they should be looking at all the other characteristics about a person and their achievements. The color of ones skin should not define a student. If two students are raised in the same neighborhood and one is black and one is white how much diversity will the black student bring to campus? Both students grew up in the same environment but the only difference is the black student can check the race box. Race is an external characteristic and should not be used to push one student above the other in the admissions process. Affirmative action does not guarantee diversity. Nor does racial diversity automatically lead to diversity of opinion. Campus life is made up of students with different interests, talents and goals. Affirmative action does not bring diversity to colleges it brings discrimination. Students should be judged on grades, test scores, entrance essays and other achievements. Race should not become a factor because it is outside a students control. Works Consulted Marie, Gryphon. The Affirmative Action Myth. Fox News. July 14, 2004. http://www.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_story/0,3566,125729,00.html. Alexandra, Aggor. Affirmative Action Does More Harm Than Good. Daily Skiff. October 8, 2009. http://media.www.tcudailyskiff.com/media/storage/paper792/news/2009/10/08/Opinion/Affirmative.Action.Does.More.Harm.Than.Good-3796293.shtml. Lynne, Varner. This Affirmative-Action baby. The Seattle Times. January 21, 2009. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121HYPERLINK http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121slug=lynne21HYPERLINK http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121slug=lynne21slug=lynne21. Independent student. Editorial: Debating Affirmative Action. The Daily Free Press. April 5, 2007. http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121HYPERLINK http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121slug=lynne21HYPERLINK http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030121slug=lynne21slug=lynne21. Kristina Crawley and Tony Magart. Bulletin Debates Affirmative Action Cons. February 7, 2003. http://media.www.gonzagabulletin.com/media/storage/paper375/news/2003/02/07/Opinion/Bulletin.Debates.Affirmative.Action.Cons.part.2.Of.4-363725.shtml. Marie, Gryphon. The Affirmative Action Myth. Policy Analysis no. 540. April 13, 2005. http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=3722. Hugh, Price. Fortifying the Case of Diversity and Affirmative Action. https://netfiles.uiuc.edu/hschein/www/readings/Pascarella-myths.html. Peter, Schmidt. Americas Universities Are Living a Diversity Lie. The Wall Street Journal. June 28, 2008. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121460672212612067.html. Ilan, Wurman. Social Science and The Failure of Affirmative Action. December 13, 2006. http://media.www.claremontindependent.com/media/storage/paper1031/news/2006/12/13/Opinion/Social.Science.And.The.Failure.Of.Affirmative.Action-2598560.shtml.

Inuit Land Rights, Whaling Jurisdiction, and Education :: Essays Papers

Inuit Land Rights, Whaling Jurisdiction, and Education â€Å"Common strategies are needed to confront a coming century of conflict and danger with our own imperatives for survival . . .[Common strategies are needed in] the quest for political and economic freedom with which to rebuild our own socially healthy and economically viable communities†. - Indian Country Today, July 2002. Today, the Inuit emerge on the modern global stage as one of many native groups claiming political sovereignty and national and international recognition of their collective rights. To be Inuit today is to be embedded in a constant, provocative political campaign against the influences of Western culture and assimilation. Indeed, in the last 40 years, the Inuit have lobbied and fought for the right to define themselves through the preservation of their traditions and customs: the Inuit fight for the right to whale, the right to control their own lands, and the autonomy to educate and raise their children as they see fit. Through grass roots organizations and skilled manipulation of our modern over-arching web of mass media, the Inuit share in â€Å"the quest for political and economic freedom† from Western concepts of the nation state, â€Å"primitive† cultural idealism, and minority marginalization. To be identified as â€Å"indigenous† in contemporary media is to be identified as a people allied in a highly sensitive internationalized struggle. In the Native world, â€Å"all are struggling over territorial, economic, political and cultural ground with their nation-state—over self-governance issues, jurisdictional sovereignties, and issues of land tenure and land use, hunting and fishing rights† (Indian Country Today). For Inuit peoples in Canada, land and sea jurisdiction is implicit for cultural survival and preservation. The ITC’s Nunavik Naming Project manifested cultural preservation through land rights. In 1973, a study of Inuit aboriginal rights to Canadian Territories recognized the need for â€Å"the Inuit conception of land use . . . [to be] translated into Qallunaat [non Inuit people] vernacular in order to ground the new claim: â€Å"this is Inuit land† † (Drummond 49). The Nunavik project, beginning among small committees and groups, became the mechanism that allowed for â€Å"the Inuit to be fortified with the same geographical, linguistic, and legal armaments that Quallunat use to stake their claims† (Drummond 50). In this effective grassroots movement, the Inuit claimed land ownership by creating and publicizing maps of the land they claim as their own, labeling all rivers and homesteads in the original Inuktitut, the Inuit language.

The Future of Computers in Education :: essays papers

The Future of Computers in Education CURRENT PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION It seems reasonable to begin a discussion of the future of computers in education with considerations of the current problems of education. Then we can direct our use of technology to improve education. I do not mean to imply that there would be universal agreement on these problems or that this list is exhaustive; but these serious problems deserve careful preliminary consideration in restructuring our educational systems. They are worldwide problems that affect all levels of education. I begin with what I regard as the root of many of the grand problems of today: the problem of population. The number of people on earth is growing rapidly with no sign that we will be able to stop this growth. Indeed, many powerful people and groups encourage this growth. Educators often do not see this as an educational problem, but I believe this view to be wrong. World Population: The Grand Problem At the beginning of this century, the population of the earth, after thousands of years of development of civilization, reached one billion people. At the beginning of the new century we will have about six billion people on earth, and this number continues to grow rapidly -- presently at ninety million people per year. A scenario from the United Nations gives the world population in 2150 as 694 billion, based on current growth rates in the different parts of the world.[1] This is very unlikely, but it shows the serious nature of the problem. I regard this rapid growth of population as the root problem on earth today, not just for learning but also for many other aspects of modern society. Attempts to control population in countries such as China and India have met with only partial success. In most of the world there is only an inadequate attempt at population control. A rapidly growing population means that with today’s methods of learning many people will receive no or inferior education. Schools and other educational institutions cannot handle, in their present mode, even in highly developed countries, the ever-increasing numbers of students, and they change only slowly. Very few of the people on earth receive an adequate education even today.

Personal Hygiene

Personal hygiene (NHS) The person you care for may be physically or mentally unable to maintain their own personal hygiene. Keeping clean is essential for good health. Poor hygiene can cause skin complaints, unpleasant smells and bacterial or parasitic infections. General hygiene The daily personal hygiene of the person you care for is very important, so make sure: †¢ their hands are washed after they've used the toilet †¢ their genitals and anal area are washed every day †¢ their face is washed daily they're fully bathed or showered at least twice a week †¢ their teeth are brushed twice a day, preferably after each meal. It is also important that they have regular dental checks. Find out more about dental treatment for people with special needs. Washing and bathing For most people, washing is a very private activity. When helping someone to wash or bathe, be sensitive and help maintain their dignity. You'll both probably  feel awkward and embarrassed, especiall y at first. To make bathing as pleasant and comfortable as possible: †¢ use pleasant-smelling shampoo, bubble bath or soap play music that the person you care for likes and is familiar with †¢ if the person is confused, explain what's happening as you go along †¢ be sensitive to the mood of the person Carer's tip from Netbuddy â€Å"If you are caring for someone who won't wash, get involved with activities that are followed by showers, for example, swimming. It may help if they see other people showering. My son only started using the shower and wetting his head because he saw it in a film he was watching†. Personal preference and emotional stateBe aware of  the emotional state of the person you care for when helping them wash. For example, some people can be anxious  about deep bath water. Adaptations, such as seats or recliners,  can help with anxiety. Reassure the person that you won’t let them be hurt. Overhead showers can be frightening to som e people. If you have no bath or there is a good reason for using a shower rather than a bath,  use a hand-held shower unit. Ask the person how they would prefer to be helped and allow them as much independence as you think is safe.If they had a routine before you began caring for them, find out what it was and stick to it as  much as  you can. Find out which shampoo, shower gel or soap they prefer to make the experience more familiar to them. Many people become self-conscious when undressed in front of others. Be sensitive to the situation and approach it in the way you think is  most appropriate. The person you care for may feel isolated if you leave them alone. How you handle this depends on your relationship with them. Have clothes and towels with you so you don’t have to leave them alone in the bathroom if they don't want you to.Safety If the person you're looking after has limited mobility or has  problems balancing, make sure that: †¢ the floor is not sl ippery (dry it if necessary), †¢ the room is a comfortable temperature, †¢ the water is comfortably warm (older people  particularly feel the cold, so bear  this in mind when adjusting the  temperature), †¢ the locks are removed from the door (the person you care for may want privacy, but in an emergency you will need  to get into the bathroom), and †¢ you look out for your own safety, for example by making  sure you can manage  if you have to lift the person in and out of the bath.Toileting Toileting is an important part of personal hygiene, regardless of whether the person you're looking after is continent (able to control their bladder and bowels) or not. Incontinence can create feelings of shame or embarrassment for both the  carer and the person being cared for. Sometimes, they may be in  denial about their incontinence  or refuse to accept help. Reassure them that it’s not their fault and approach the issue in a calm, reassuring way if they're in denial. Bed baths If the person you care for cannot move or has extremely limited mobility, you may have to give them a bed bath.You will need to be extra careful, for your own safety,  when moving or lifting them. Specialist disposable baths are available if  they need a proper immersive bath (to be put fully in the water). Getting help If you're finding it difficult to cope with toileting, washing or general hygiene,  contact your local authority or a local carers organisation (see Services near you, above right). Cleanliness and infection control 12. —(1) The registered person must, so far as reasonably practicable, ensure that— (a) service users; (b) persons employed for the purpose of the carrying on of the regulated activity; and c) others who may be at risk of exposure to a health care associated infection arising from the carrying on of the regulated activity, are protected against identifiable risks of acquiring such an infection by the me ans specified in paragraph (2). (2) The means referred to in paragraph (1) are— (a) the effective operation of systems designed to assess the risk of and to prevent, detect and control the spread of a health care associated infection; (b) where applicable, the provision of appropriate treatment for those who are affected by a health care associated infection; and c) the maintenance of appropriate standards of cleanliness and hygiene in relation to— (i) premises occupied for the purpose of carrying on the regulated activity, (ii) equipment and reusable medical devices used for the purpose of carrying on the regulated activity, and (iii) materials to be used in the treatment of service users where such materials are at risk of being contaminated with a health care associated infection. Regulation 12 of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010

My Job Experience

Narrative Story: The first-person narrative is a literary technique wherein a story is narrated explicitly by one or more of the characters, who refers to himself or herself in the first person as â€Å"I†. As the narrator express his/her own feelings, thoughts, and experiences, the narrator’s character is revealed and the reader easily gains insight to the character. It also suspends information from the reader, and therefore widely used and effective to suspense and detective fiction. My Job Experience I woke up with a loud ringing near my head.A few days back, or years to be exact, I would have easily put it off and dose back again on my soft pillows. Ahh, but this day was different. It’s my first day in my first job ever. I could hear my head pounding. I never needed the alarm clock in the first place anyway, since I hardly slept last night. I’ve always seen myself as a ‘cool guy’ but the butterlies in my stomach speaks much differently ab out me, though. I headed for the shower and felt the water slap me from my semi-half-awake half-asleep state. Breakfast!But where are my stockings? Though contrary to real day-today experience, I wish mom was here. Well, better get off now or I might miss the bus. I surely want to make a good first impression and hope this will carry me all the way to promotions. I can hardly wait right now to experience the sweet smell of success! I stopped myself as I saw a man staring at me. Daydreaming may have been written all over my face. Secretly, I pinched myself for making a fool of me. As I came inside the building, I headed for the shop to which I was assigned.Across the shop, Darlene Shepherd subtly nodded at me, acknowledging approval of my early arrival. She was the one who chose me as a shop steward. Of course, I wanted to prove my worth. I love the dignity of work, but best of all, I love to walk around the corner and shop just a liiiitle bit of little-bitty things. My first day in my first job closed shopped with less adventure than I expected. This routine, except for the case of the missing stockings, went on for some time. Until last April, I saw my coworker named Daniels crying.Apparently, she was reprimanded. I came near her. At first it felt awkward hugging her a bit ( we hardly knew each other except for our first names). But when I did, her tears fell all the more, and I was completely taken over by her concern It was mid-afternoon, she said when her legs became awfully painful trying to stand all day. As the pain became almost unbearable, she tried to sit on one of the chairs placed near the customer’s area. Though shoppers were becoming fewer by the moment, Mr. Jarvis (our head supervisor) came in just as she sat down on the couch.Think about perfect wrong- timing indeed! I could understand where Mr. Jarvis is coming from, since it did look the way it should’nt look. But termination? I tried to calm myself down. Being angry might give me my fifteen minutes of victory but it could defeat my career-history. I brought the case to higher management. I carefully chose and weighed my words and to my amazement†¦ they listened and relented. From then on my co-workers would start looking for me to speak for them whenever they have concerns that they feel uneasy to face with the supervisor or manager.I found myself getting more and more involved in my co-employees’ work-related concerns. I have learned to listen and empathize with them, without getting emotionally involved myself whenever the outcome turns out unfavorable. I never did saw myself before as what I am becoming right now. Lately, we’ve been involved in community outreach to feed the homeless. It’s a pretty sight to see big-muscled Jack teaching math to 5 year- old Sam. I’ve seen how generous below-middle class workers could be with their spare time.I thought plenty spells generosity, but my co-workers proved them wrong. Before we started this project, I honestly had some doubts as to its success and sustainability. Before, it was just us, me and the union. I believe in the union’s contribution to the betterment of the worker’s welfare. And yet, the more we ask, the more we see things to complain about. There seems to be no end on what to grudge about. Of course, as we go along helping the needy, there would be more things to sort out, too. And more things to improve on.Yeah, life as a shop steward does have its many rewards. Shopping? Maybe. For now I see my storehouse rich with life’s lessons — being my brother’s keeper (whether one is rich or not-so-rich), standing up for what is just and striving for equality. As we wrap our things and clean up the mess after the feeding program, all around me, I see tired happy faces. Tired, but happy. Reference: 1. â€Å"First-Person Narrative†. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/literary_sty les

Juggling and Indian Jugglers

Indian Jugglers and the meaning of life I've just come across a superb essay entitled ‘The Indian Jugglers' from William Hazlitt's 19th century collection Table Talk (1828). Hazlitt starts the essay by describing his absolute astonishment upon watching Indian Jugglers perform in London's Olympic Theatre. Hazlitt was known for his wildly exaggerated style. However, his genuine amazement is clear: Coming forward and seating himself on the ground in his white dress and tightened turban, the chief of the Indian Jugglers begins with tossing up two brass balls, which is what any of us could do, and concludes with keeping up four at the same time, which is what none of us could do to save our lives, nor if we were to take our whole lives to do it in. Is it then a trifling power we see at work, or is it not something next to miraculous!It is the utmost stretch of human ingenuity, which nothing but the bending the faculties of body and mind to it from the tenderest infancy with incessan t, ever-anxious application up to manhood, can accomplish or make even a slight approach to. Man, thou art a wonderful animal, and thy ways past finding out! Thou canst do strange things, but thou turnest them to little account! – To conceive of this effort of extraordinary dexterity distracts the imagination and makes admiration breathless. † Hazlitt was clearly gobsmacked.He goes on to state next that â€Å"As to the swallowing of the sword, the police ought to interfere to prevent it. â€Å". But it was the juggling act that astounded Hazlitt to such an extent that he was left questioning his own worth: â€Å"The hearing a speech in Parliament, drawled or stammered out by the Honourable Member or the Noble Lord, the ringing the changes on their common-places, which any one could repeat after them as well as they, stirs me not a jot, shakes not my good opinion of myself: but the seeing the Indian Jugglers does. It makes me ashamed of myself.I ask what there is that I can do as well as this! Nothing. What have I been doing all my life! Have I been idle, or have I nothing to shew for all my labour and pains! † Hazlitt went on in his exasperating vain: â€Å"have I passed my time in pouring words like water into empty sieves, rolling a stone up a hill and then down again, trying to prove an argument in the teeth of facts, and looking for causes in the dark, and not finding them? Is there no one thing in which I can challenge competition, that I can bring as an instance of exact perfection, in which others cannot find a flaw?The utmost I can pretend to is to write a description of what this fellow can do. I can write a book: so can many others who have not even learned to spell. What abortions are these Essays! What errors, what ill-pieced transitions, what crooked reasons, what lame conclusions! How little is made out, and that little how ill! Yet they are the best I can do. I endeavour to recollect all I have ever observed or thought upo n a subject, and to express it as nearly as I can. Instead of writing on four subjects at a time, it is as much as I can manage to keep the thread of one discourse clear and unentangled.I have also time on my hands to correct my opinions, polish my periods: but the one I cannot, and the other I will not do. † A juggling act then left a great critic deeply critical of his own worth. The mere act of juggling four balls was all that was needed to ignite Hazlitt's needling sense of failure and lack of confidence. Most of us as writers, I think, occasionally or very often feel like Hazlitt. Hazlitt, unfortunately, died a poor outsider not long after this essay was published. No doubt the troupe of Indians he saw, presumably far away from home and very likely getting paid a pittance, amazed many in London and elsewhere.But Hazlitt, the enlightened post-1789er, saw something more. What he witnessed deeply affected him personally but is also suggestive of his general approach to criti cism. The skill of the juggling that night left him open-mouthed and his response has to be written down and shaped into words. Hazlitt saw something new and different and could describe the act with freshness and verve. He said of the juggling: â€Å"To catch four balls in succession in less than a second of time, and deliver them back so as to return with seeming consciousness to the hand gain, to make them revolve round him at certain intervals, like the planets in their spheres, to make them chase one another like sparkles of fire, or shoot up like flowers or meteors, to throw them behind his back and twine them round his neck like ribbons or like serpents, to do what appears an impossibility, and to do it with all the ease, the grace, the carelessness imaginable, to laugh at, to play with the glittering mockeries, to follow them with his eye as if he could fascinate them with its lambent fire, or as if he had only to see that they kept time with the music on the stage – there is something in all this which he who does not admire may be quite sure he never really admired any thing in the whole course of his life. â€Å"Hazlitt's own description of juggling illustrates his own talent and skills, sadly only appreciated in full after his death in 1830. Hazlitt appeared to make criticism as art appear easy and effortless, whether critiquing the plays of Shakespeare, writing biographies or discovering his own astonishment about Indian jugglers. Hazlitt's reputation and own skill as a literary and social critic lived on long after his death, latterly prospering, in part because of this internalised child-like wonder and fascination alongside his undoubted ability to see and describe the world anew, not least when viewing jugglers from the East.

Comparison Between The American Revolutionary War And The 11 States Secession From The Union

The American Revolutionary War which occurred between 1775 and 1783 a conflict that involved the Thirteen United British colonies in North America and the Kingdom of Great Britain. The thirteen colonies had been established between 1607 and 1733 as a result of the British colonization in North America. The thirteen states desire to overthrow the British rule and to acquire independence motivated the revolutionaries to fight for the control of the Thirteen British Colonies from the British rule.As a result of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to overthrow the British Empire governance and gain independence to become the United States of America. Self –governing independent states were formed by the colonies, which then became united in order to defend their independence or self-governance against the British rule. At the end of the war, the thirteen colonies were able to break away from the British Empire rule, and they became independent under the 1776 Declaration of In dependence.The secession of the eleven southern states from the US Federal government(Union) resulted to the American Civil War which occurred between 1861 and 1865 . The secession resulted to the formation of the Confederate States of America(Confederacy),which was supported by all the border slave and free states. Due to the difference in opinion between the anti-slavery northern states and the slave-owning southern states, the conflict was triggered. The secession was motivated by the southern states fear of losing control over the federal government to the northern states.The southern states also intended to continue with slavery, which the northern states did not support. Both the American Revolutionary War and the secession have certain similarities and differences. Discussion Similarities between the American Revolutionary War and the Eleven Southern States Secession One major similarity between the two historical events is that, one opposing side in the conflicts was motivat ed by the need to be independent. In the American Revolutionary War, the thirteen colonies under the revolutionaries fought against the British rule in order to be independent.Before the conflict, the thirteen colonies were part of the British America which was under the British rule under a set of mandates, dominions, and protectorates. During the secession of the eleven southern states, the states fought for their independence from the Union or the then US Federation government. While the desire to be independent was triggered by different reasons for the two events, the major reason of the two conflicts was to seek sovereignity.The Southern states wanted to be independent so as to practice slavery and continue owning slaves without the influence of the anti-slavery northern states, while the thirteen states wanted their independence from the British unpopular and illegitimate rule. Another similarity between the two is that, the parties that sought to be independent were successf ul. In the American Revolutionary war, the thirteen states were able to get independence and sovereignty to become the United States of America. The secession of the eleven states on the other hand led to the independence of the states from the Union to form the Confederate of States.However, the independence of the southern states was short lived and it ended in 1865. In the two events, there was the use of military forces . The American Revolutionary War involved the British, and the revolutionary and the allies forces. The secession ended with the American Civil War, where the Confederacy and Union forces fought. The Differences The two events were different based on the military forces that were involved in the conflicts. The American Revolutionary War had the other outside military forces assisting the two conflicting parties in the war.However, the secession of southern states and the resulting American Civil War was a conflict between two American forces (the Union and the Co nfederacy forces), where the Union forces were made up of the northern states, while the confederacy forces were made up of the southern states. In addition, the two events were motivated by different reasons to be independent. While the American Revolutionary War resulted from the thirteen states desire to be independent so as to prevent the British rule imposing of taxes and laws that were unpopular , the eleven Southern States desire to be independent was motivated by the states support of slavery.Did the Constitution require a Perpetual Union? The Perpetual Union played an important role in the formation of the US Constitution. After defeating the British rule, the governing constitution of the thirteen independent states was the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. This made it possible for the formation of the â€Å"United States of America† and the confederation government. The states were therefore able to retain their sovereignity. The establishment of a fe deral system of governance made it less important for some content of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union to be put in the constitution.However,the perpetual union constitution paved way for a more powerful and balanced government. The need to have a more powerful government and balance legislative decisions of small and large states motivated the replacement of the Articles of Perpetual Union with the US Constitution . Abraham Lincoln made an inaugural address in March 4, 1861 in relation to the constitution and the Union. According to his speech, Lincoln recognized that the Union was older than the constitution.The Union had been formed much earlier than the constitution under the Articles of Association in 1774, and the 1776 Declaration of Independence continued the union. After getting their sovereignity, the Thirteen States had accepted to be in the Perpetual Union in 1778 under the Articles of Confederation. Lincoln through his inaugural address acknowledged the importance of the Perpetual Union by stating that the 1787 move to establish and ordain a US Constitution was to improve the earlier formed union into a perfect union.ConclusionThe American Revolutionary War and the secession of the eleven southern states are two historical events that have contributed greatly to the American history . The activities that took place during the two events have continued to mould the American society up to date. These two events were very beneficial to the American people because they managed to obtain their independence from the British rule, and the social injustices (slavery) fought against. Though many people lost their lives during the conflicts, the American people continue to enjoy the benefits that resulted from the conflicts up to date.Works Cited Chambers, John. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Oxford University Press, 1999 Heidler, David. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History (20 02), 1591–98 Higginbotham, Don. The War of American Independence: Military Attitudes, Policies, and Practice, 1763–1789. Northeastern University Press, 1983 Kenneth, Stampp. â€Å"The Concept of a Perpetual Union,† The Journal of American History, Vol. 65, No. 1 (Jun. , 1978), pp. 5-33 Weintraub, Stanley. Iron Tears; America's Battle for Freedom, Britain's Quagmire: 1775- 1783. New York: Free Press, 2005

New Resources Tax in AUstralia ( MRRT) and it's effects on Australian Essay

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The Marshall Plan and Communism after World War 2 Essay

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Nursing Today Essay Example for Free

Nursing Today Essay Nurses these days have positive and negative images from the general public. Negative stereotypes portray nurses as being overbearing, sexual, and incompetent. For example: Naughty Nurses, Airheaded, and Doctor’s Handmaiden. These stereotypes are portrayed in the media constantly even though nursing is a challenging respectable profession. Some of the positive images that are portrayed by the public are strong, patient advocates, dedicated, trustworthy, profession highly in demand, and highly intelligent. There are numerous actions that can be taken to actively fight the negative stereotypes. It generally starts by promoting positive images of the nursing students. This could start at the college setting or even the clinical setting where a lot of interactions will be done with the general public and strangers. I also think that if you actively educate others on the true meaning of nursing then that would also help fight negative stereotypes. This could generally be done in health career fairs, schools, colleges, and health centers where nurses are actively involved. Also establishing public image committee in the local neighborhood or city would also help. There are also popular celebrities that actively help with stereotypes. For example: Christina Aguilera as both a nurse and patient, exploited negative stereotypes of nurses. If popular celebrities can take active role in helping stop negative stereotypes for nurses then anyone can. It would definitely take a lot of hard work to stop it but eventually the word would come across. Moreover, television nurses also promote positive nursing its understood that medical dramas are meant to entertain, not serve as documentaries. Nevertheless, media-driven messages are also very powerful, influencing the culture and collective mindset. There are numerous current images of nurses in the media and challenges nurses to engage in professional and public service designed to promote a positive media and public image of nursing. In conclusion, if we actively did take a part in stopping negative stereotyping for nurses or any other profession it would benefit and bring more respect to the nursing world. It doesn’t take much to down grade a rofession but it takes a lot of hard work and time to stop the negative stereotyping. As I listed examples above to help reduce negative stereotyping all it takes is active participants to bring a change. In this time and age we often get influenced by individuals very fast and so why couldn’t we actively bring positive influence to society and help the nursing profession in general to lower negative stereotyping. Because it will greatly help our profession of nursing become more respectable in society.

Working Women and Stress

Working Women and Stress Gender-specific work stress factors, such as sex discrimination and balancing work and family demands, may have an effect on women workers above and beyond the impact of general job stressors such as job overload and skill under-utilization. Discriminatory barriers to financial and career advancement have been linked to more frequent physical and psychological symptoms and more frequent visits to the doctor. The most effective way of reducing work stress is through organizational change in the workplace. This holds true for reducing work stress in female and male workers alike. Workplaces that actively discourage sexual discrimination and harassment, and promote family-friendly policies, appear to foster worker loyalty and attachment regardless of gender, studies indicate. Organizational changes effective for reducing job stress among women workers include expanding promotion and career ladders, introducing family-support programs and policies, and enforcing policies against sex discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.28 The article Women in Construction: Occupational Health and Working Conditions, finds that: Women may receive less on-the-job safety mentoring than men from supervisors and co-workers. This can create a potentially dangerous cycle in which tradeswomen are asked to do jobs for which they are not properly trained, then are injured when they do them or are seen as incompetent when they are unable to do them. Women in construction have reported harassment and verbal abuse by co-workers and isolation on the job severe enough that some women have looked for other employment. Patterns of work-related construction fatalities differ for men and women. For example, women construction laborers are at higher risk than male laborers of death from motor vehicle injuries, but less likely to be at risk of death from falls, machinery related injuries, or being struck by objects. Further research is needed to determine why these differences exist.(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html) (14) 2.29 In one study relating to MSDs, NIOSH worked with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to examine interventions for reducing discomfort among IRS data entry workers, the majority of whom are female. NIOSH found that periodic rest breaks throughout the work shift reduced musculoskeletal discomfort, while allowing workers to maintain job performance. (15) 2.30 According to NIOSH ,Stress at work is another issue of concern., stress at work is a growing problem for all workers, including women. In one survey, 60 percent of employed women cited stress as their number one problem at work. Furthermore, levels of stress-related illness are nearly twice as high for women as for men. Many job conditions contribute to stress among women, according to NIOSH. Such job conditions include heavy workload demands; little control over work; role ambiguity and conflict; job insecurity; poor relationships with coworkers and supervisors; and work that is narrow, repetitive, and monotonous. (16) -2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(2005) show Health care expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress. 2.32 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health (2001) with title Job Stress and Health: What the Research Tells Us; 2.32.1Cardiovascular Disease Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2.32.2Musculoskeletal Disorders On the basis of research by NIOSH and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper- extremity musculoskeletal disorders. 2.32.3Psychological Disorders Several studies suggest that differences in rates of mental health problems (such as depression and burnout) for various occupations are due partly to differences in job stress levels. (Economic and lifestyle differences between occupations may also contribute to some of these problems.) 2.32.4Workplace Injury Although more study is needed, there is a growing concern that stressful working conditions interfere with safe work practices and set the stage for injuries at work. 2.32.5Suicide, Cancer, Ulcers, and Impaired Immune Function Some studies suggest a relationship between stressful working conditions and these health problems. However, more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn- 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research has identified organizational characteristics with title Stress, Health, and Productivity Some employers assume that stressful working conditions are a necessary evil-that companies must turn up the pressure on workers and set aside health concerns to remain productive and profitable in todays economy. But research findings challenge this belief. Studies show that stressful working conditions are actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on the bottom line. Recent studies of so-called healthy organizations suggest that policies benefiting worker health also benefit the bottom line. A healthy organization is defined as one that has low rates of illness, injury, and disability in its workforce and is also competitive in the marketplace. NIOSH research has identified organizational characteristics associated with both healthy, low-stress work and high levels of productivity. Examples of these characteristics include the following: Recognition of employees for good work performance Opportunities for career development An organizational culture that values the individual worker Management actions that are consistent with organizational values(19) 2.34 St. Paul Fire and Marin(2007) Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings.(Journal of Applied Psychology) one with title Stress Prevention and Job Performance Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. 2.34.1 In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities. 2.35 According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics(2004), workers who must take time off work because of stress, anxiety, or a related disorder will be off the job for about 20 days. 2.36 Northwestern National Life Insurance(1992), Minneapolis, 1992, as reported in Work in America, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1992.] Employee burnout: Causes and cures, Part 1: Employee stress levels, GENDER WORK AND STRESS In a survey carried out in 1992 of nearly 1,300 full-time employees in a random sample of private companies in the United States, it was found that gender, among other factors (the level of the employee in the organization, income, occupation and family situation), accounted for differences in job stress at the workplace. The survey found that stress affects women more than men, and that they are significantly more likely to report burnout, stress-related illnesses or a desire to resign from their jobs. The researchers suggested several reasons for this. In the first place, women are often paid less than men for their work, even if they have college degrees. Many organizations also lack policies which respond to family issues. Single women with children, along with low-paid college graduates, are at highest risk of burnout. Some 50 per cent of single women with children reported burnout, compared to 31 per cent of married women with children. [ 2.37 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001)reported these figures in Research on work-related stress, The following are recent estimates which related to the cost of work-related stress: In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that over 40 million working days are lost each year due to stress-related disorders; In Australia, the Federal Assistant Minister for Industrial relations estimated the cost of occupational stress to be around A$30 million in 1994; In the United States, over half of the 550 million working days lost each year due to absenteeism are stress-related. 2.38 Several recent studies by ILO(2004) have highlighted the links between work-related stress, violence at work, the abuse of drugs and alcohol and tobacco consumption. These studies tend to suggest that stress at work plays an important role in the development of negative individual and organizational factors and forms a common element linking working conditions, substance abuse and violent acts. There appears to be a significant correlation between difficulties in relaxing after work and negative emotions such as fear, helplessness and failure. Stressful work may contribute to the development of a desire among workers to reduce tension by drinking, using drugs and other harmful substances. Alienating work has negative consequences for the development of a healthy human personality and can result in a range of problematic behaviours at the individual level, which may include the destructive use of alcohol and other substances, as well as depression and a deterioration in normal affective life. Stressful conditions may also constitute an antecedent to an episode of workplace violence. (ILO) (http//www.ilo.org/public/English/safework/index.htm). $2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, Report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, replicates and extends earlier studies on job stress in public accounting conducted in UK and Britain. It is done through an extensive review of literature on job stress and field study using the same questionnaire utilized in the earlier two studies with a little modification to suit Malaysian context. The study seeks answers to what may be the sources of stress. Psychological outcomes and moderators of the stressful situation in selected public accounting firms and whether there exist significant linear relationship between job stressors and mental strains. Further more, it attempts to find out whether different from sizes, functional areas and position levels differ significantly in the stressors confronted and strains experienced by public accountants. The finding indicates that stressors faced by most respondents are quantitative workload, variations in workload, responsibilities for persons and travel, very few reports confronting role conflict and role ambiguity. As for the mental strains, respondent do not show that they are experiencing any except for job and workload dissatisfactions and pay inequity. It is also found that more than 10 percent of the respondents feel that they have job autonomy and that they do not possess the type A personality traits. (24) 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal , (2003) titled Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses found that nurses in public hospitals are slightly satisfied and committed to their hospitals. Besides, satisfied nurses tend to have a higher degree of commitment than less satisfied ones. 2.41 A report in journal of health(2003) with title stress and suicide in nurses revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined,five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002), Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden entitled The stress experience of nursing staff in intensive care therapy, concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral there is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impede nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title THE INFLUENCE OF WORK STRESS AND WORK SUPPORT ON BURNOUT IN PUBLIC HOSPITAL NURSES states that Australian nurses reported low to moderate levels of work stress, moderate levels of work support and moderately high levels of burnout. Work stressors, were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflic. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession . 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL (2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF NURSES WORKING IN PSYCHIATRIC UNITS A strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. A hypothetical model of the relationships between these variables is presented for testing at a future study. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine (2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction The findings are that medical personnel are experiencing burnout and high levels of stress and that large numbers are considering leaving or decreasing their work hours. This is an important finding for the cancer care system, where highly trained and experienced health care workers are already in short supply. 2.46 A research paper, School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK, entitled Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review,finds . Workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout(2005), a Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS,concludes that The Weiman Occupational Stress Scale, introduced in 1978, is designed to measure perceived levels of occupational stress. The mental health counselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of 2.57 on a five point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale having yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scored on average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. employees in publicly funded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stress than those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research survey conducted by Carol Brewer(2000) has shown that new nurses face considerable professional stress and would benefit from improved nursing management Newly licensed nurses considered their jobs difficult, and they worked long hours: 51 percent worked voluntary overtime, 13 percent mandatory overtime. Sixty-one percent were assigned to nights, evenings or rotating shifts. Nearly two-thirds 62.78 percent said their work interfered with family life on at least four days a month, according to the results. Survey participants also reported a somewhat hazardous working environment: a quarter of respondents sustained at least one needle-stick in a year; 39 percent at least one strain or sprain; 21 percent a cut or laceration, 46 percent a bruise or contusion, and 62 percent reported experiencing verbal abuse on the job. A quarter found it difficult or impossible to do their jobs at least once a week due to inadequate supplies, the study showed. 2.49 An Exploration study of Job Stressors of Clinical Nursing Instructors in Taiwan(2001) found that clinical nursing instructors work-related stressors include inadequate role occupancy, increasing work demands, deficient role preparedness, lowered role control, insufficient role support, and role bargain. When a clinical instructor with lowered role control experiences more stressors, the situation of role stress will deteriorate. Role support and role bargain are the buffers of work-related stress to adapt clinical instructors for the rapidly changing educational and medical environment. Consequently, adequate role credibility for role occupancy is a necessary strategy for reducing clinical instructors work-related strain during organizational rapid change. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences ,article entitled Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction,Show that there is a significant negative relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among University Staff in Malaysia a research article(2007) investigates the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Inverse relationship exist between job stress and job satisfaction The determinants of job stress that have been examined under this study include, management role, relationship with others, workload pressure, homework interface, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.5 Faculty of Education(2001),University of Ibadan, article, Effects of Job Stress ,states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental,work behaviour,and performance,satisfavtion level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers(1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language teacher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did not want to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom.(DD) 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999) quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the countrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue explains a Japanese psychiatrist. So far, only 17 percent of Japanese companies offer over stressed employees some form of counseling. However the Japanese Government has launched an advertising campaign encouraging people to call a Karoshi hotline for anonymous help. The families of deceased workaholics , including Nobuo Mauros relatives are also taking action by suing the employers for lack of due care.(dd) 2.55 A report (2001) entitled Job Stress and Burnout Among Canadian Managers and Nurses: examined the relationship of job stress with burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, lack of accomplishment and depersonalization), job satisfaction, organizational commitment and psychosomatic, health problems. Job stress was significantly correlated with overall burnout and its three dimensions and job satisfaction in both samples. In the nursing sample, job stress was also significantly correlated with psychosomatic health problems and organizational commitment. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stress-burnout relationship. 2.56An articl (2001) on Occupational stress experienced by male and female employees indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the stress levels of employees based on their gender. With females experiences more stress then male. And physical conditions are considered as a most stressful factor for females. Male experiences less stress with physical conditions. Women were found to experience more stress then male. They are more affected by physical conditions such as noise, lightning etc Top of Form 2.57 Journal of Managerial Psychology(2006), report on Occupational stress in different organizations , a Saudi Arabian survey(2006) The main source of stress for employees working in private organizations is the lack of knowledge about their performance evaluation results, while this is not the case for employees working in public organizations; Saudi employees have the highest levels of stress, with Arabs second, Asians third, while Westerners (Europeans and North Americans) registered the lowest levels of stress; employees who are less than 30 years old experience the highest levels of stress; employees with six-to-ten years of experience show the highest levels of stress; and there is a significant inverse relationship between educational level and stress level. Top of Form Bottom of Form 2.58 An article on Occupational stress and depression in Korean employees (2001). Inadequate social support and discomfort in occupational climate is a better predictorof depressive symptoms than organizational injustice in Korea, indicates that the newlydeveloped KOSS has cultural relevance for assessing occupational stress in Korea. 2.59 Department of Psychology Applied Psychology research study(2008) University of the Punjab, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE, indicated Workload, co-workers and repetitive work are identified as the major factors causing stress. It is concluded that there is moderate level of stress with significant difference in different departments however affect of stress is found on job performance in the selected organization. 2.60 About Occupational Stress and Employee Control (1992) Industrial psychologists discovered that how much latitude employees have at work their control over job-related decisions affects their health, their morale and their ability to handle their workload. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1976) reportedthat control (in terms of job-provided autonomy) enhanced motivation and growth in blue collar, white collar and professional positions. Then, in 1979, Robert Karasek(1979) found that workers whose jobs rated high in job demands yet low in employee control (as measured by latitude over decisions) reported significantly more exhaustion after work, trouble awakening in the morning, depression, nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia or disturbed sleep than other workers. When workers facing high demands had more control, their stress was lower. This major insight into how occupational stressors affect health and well-being has led to ongoing improvements in the workplace. For example, many organizations have implemented programs designed to enhance employee control. 2.61 Colegio Oficial de Psic.logos (2007) s article OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND STATE OF HEALTH AMONG CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS revealed that the stress among mental health professionals (staff and trainees). Results showed that psychiatrists experienced less stress than their colleagues, and suggest specific associations between situational stressors and state of health. In particular, frustration in carrying out their work is linked to high levels of self-reported symptoms in psychologists. 2.62 A reprt presented by European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, European Union (2007) states that work-related stress affects at least 40 million workers in its 15 Member States and that it costs the European Union approx. 20 billion annually. It is now widely acknowledged that stress at work is a very common problem and that it has a very high cost in terms of workers health, absenteeism and lower performance. 26% of workers who reported an injury or illness felt that they suffered from stress while at work in the last 12 months, and that this percentage rises 2.63 A Report titledEffects of Job Stress on Health, Personal and Work Behaviour of Nurses in Public Hospitals (2006), Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education,University of Ibadan, Nigeria,established that job stress has significant effect on physical and mental health of the nurses. It also established that there was a significant difference in personal and work behaviour of highly stressed nurses and less stressed nurses. Based on these findings,it was recommended that the government (Federal or State) and Hospital Management Boards should improve the welfare of the nurses. It was also recommended that their morale should be boosted by involving them in policy or decision-making concerning their welfare or care of their patients. Their salary should be reviewed and that they should be promoted as at when due. Work-home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and healt. The higher nurses job demands, the higher is their level of work-home interference and the more likely is a general health deterioration over time, in turn giving rise to higher job demands and work-home interference, which may even aggravate the nurses general health, and so on.( Research study by University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2006)